Mai
4
2018
Bastian Asmus
VIDEO
Eine Bienenkorbglocke für den Campus
Die Bienenkorbglocke für den Campus Galli ist erfolgreich gegossen. –Drei Anläufe waren notwendig eine vollständige Glocke zu gießen. Nun ist am 28.4.2018 zum ersten Mal seit hunderten von Jahren eine Bienenkorbglocke nach den Vorschriften des Theophilus Presbyter erfolgreich gegossen worden. Der Klang ist bereits jetzt – obgleich die Glocke noch nicht bearbeitet ist – atemberaubend und zeigt den für Bienenkorbglocken typischen, herben Klang. – Ich bin begeistert! Die Glocke von Canino ist nun nicht nur in ihrer Form und Gestalt, sondern auch in ihrer Herstellungsweise kompromisslos nach der vorzüglichen mittelalterlichen Handschrift des Theophilus Presbyter gefertigt worden . Die Glockengussexperimente auf dem Campus Galli sind damit endlich zu einem vorläufigen glücklichen Ende gekommen. Die Glocke kann noch bis Pfingsten auf dem Campus Galli als Rohguss betrachtet werden. Danach wird sie bearbeitet und auf dem Campus installiert.-
Angewandte Archäometallurgie: Der Henkel der vollständigen Bienenkorbglocke von Gussexperiment Nr. 3 im Jahr 2018.
https://archaeometallurgie.de/sound/glocke2018.ogg
Die Bienenkorbglocke
Die Bienenkorbglocke richtet sich in ihrer Form nach der ältesten bekannten gegossenen Bronzeglocke: Der Glocke von Canino.- Sie hat einen Durchmesser von 39 cm am Schlagring und wiegt 44 kg. Man beachte die dreieckigen Schall- oder Klanglöcher dieser Glocke aus dem 8./9. Jahrhundert. Auch Theophilus beschreibt diese noch im 12. Jahrhundert. Nach der einhelligen Meinung der Campanlogen tragen diese allerdings nicht zum Schall bei.
Zeichnung der Glocke von Canino in der Erstpublikation dieses Fundes [zotpressInText item="{4ICDYHGU}"].
Bienenkorbglockenguss im Mittelalter ist nur gemeinschaftlich zu schaffen
Neben vielen technischen Details auf die zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt noch eingegangen werden wird, ist das wohl wichtigste Fazit, dass ein großes und gut aufeinander eingespieltes Team vonnöten ist und den Guss erfolgreich zu meistern. Dies ist uns dieses Jahr in besonders guter Weise gelungen. Dies lässt auch ein paar Schlüsse für die Vergangenheit zu, denn es ist gute Kommunikation notwendig um den gesamten Prozess erfolgreich umzusetzen.
Einige Wermutstropfen bleiben dennoch
Zwar ist die Glocke vollständig, aber die zu untersuchenden Eigenschaften des Formlehms habe auch zu unerwünschten Effekten geführt. Zum einen wurde dieses Mal nur eine schlechtere Gussoberflächenqualität erreicht, zum anderen kam es erstmalig zum Bruch der Form. Durch die Verdämmung und besonnenes Handeln während des Gusses konnte die Glocke gerettet, werden, obwohl die Form unterhalb des Henkels gebrochen ist. Dennoch hat dies einen negativen Einfluss auf den Henkel gehabt, was im Bild ganz oben gut erkennbar ist.
Ausblick
Die nächste Glocke die ich auf diese Weise gießen werde ist die Glocke von Hachen. Diese ist heute im Glockenmuseum Grassmayr zu sehen, die ich aufgrund des überaus freundlichen Entgegenkommens von Seiten Johannes Grassmayrs im dortigen Museum vermessen darf. In diesem Versuch werden neben bewährten Lehmrezepturen, weitere Feinheiten des Formbrandes, sowie der Schmelzführung untersucht werden.
Literatur
{1698736:RJWDMP9E}
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Links
Infothek Artikel auf der Campus Galli Webseite
Südkurier Artikel vom 2.5.2018
Artikel auf Schwaebische.de vom 30.4.2018
2 comments | tags: Archäometallurgie , Bienenkorbglocke , Bronzeguss , Gießerei , Glocke , Theophilus Presbyter , Verlorene Form , Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie , Demonstration , Geschichte , Gießerei , Rekonstruktionen
Okt
25
2017
Bastian Asmus
VIDEO
Eine Konusreibahle für den Zapfenmacher
Die Zapfenmacher gehörten zu den Rotschmieden . Hier geht es um die recht einfache Frage, wie das konische Loch des Zapfhahns bearbeitet wurde. Obwohl man das natürlich komplett manuell machen kann, wie ich das in den Kurzdokus gezeigt hatte, ist es höchst unwahrscheinlich, dass dies beispielsweise bei den Nürnberger Rotschmieden oder Zapfenmachern auch tatsächlich so gemacht wurde. Denn das Einschleifen der Küken in den Hahn erfordert selbst bei guter Passgenauigkeit beim Guss einige Stunden. Selbstverständlich ist es nicht der zeitliche Aufwand, der mich veranlasst hat, das Einschleifen des Kükens genauer zu untersuchen. Es sind diese Abbildungen in den Nürnberger Hausbücher der Zwölfbrüderstiftung und in Christoph Weigels Ständebuch .
Zapfenmacher Hans Zeuller
Rotschmied Hans Zeuller mit einer Konusreibahle. Quelle: Wikimedia Commons
Gut zu erkennen ist das Werkzeug mit dem Hans Zeuller die Innenseite des Zapfhahns bearbeitet. Es ist anzunehmen, dass es sich um eine Art konischer Reibahle handelt; also einem Werkzeug, Continue reading
no comments | tags: Archäometallurgie , Bronzeguss , Experimentelle Archäologie , Gießerei , Mittelalter , Nürnberg , Rotschmiede , Verlorene Form , Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie , Demonstration , Doku , Geschichte , Gießerei , materielle Kultur , Rekonstruktionen
Okt
24
2015
Bastian Asmus
Die Glocke nach dem Guss. Sie klingt, aber sie ist unvollständig. Die hellen Stellen sind Reste des noch anhaftenden Formmaterials.
https://archaeometallurgie.de/sound/Bronzeglocke.ogg
Der Klang der Glocke entspricht den Erwartungen an eine Bienenkorbglocke des 9. Jahrhunderts, und zeigt dass der Gießer weniger Einfluss auf den Klang der Glocke hatte, als das der Fall für die späteren Glocken mit Zuckerhutform der Fall ist. Erwähnenswert ist vielleicht noch, dass die Glocke noch im ungeputzten Zustand angeschlagen wurde. Mit Sicherheit können wir noch einen etwas schöneren Klang erreichen, wenn die Glocke geputzt ist. Sowie ich das erledigt habe, werde ich das hier veröffentlichen.
Die Glocke ist gegossen
Lange hat es gedauert bis es soweit war. Ich habe die vorhergehenden Schritte hier und hier und hier beschrieben. Noch genauer habe ich das hier beschrieben . Am Montag, den 19.10.15, nach zwei Nachtschichten die ich mit dem Hüten des Feuers verbracht hatte, war es soweit: Die Glockengussform war trocken, das Metall war bereit gelegt und das Wetter schien mit zu spielen: Die Bienenkorbglocke konnte auf dem Campus Galli gegossen werden. Gegen 6.00 morgens machte ich mich daran den Arbeitstag vorzubereiten: Der Schmelzofen musste vorgeheizt werden, die Glockenform musste am unteren Ende noch verschlossen werden, die Tiegel mussten vor der Verwendung ausgeheizt werden, die Grube mit Erde aufgefüllt werden….
Continue reading
13 comments | tags: Archäometallurgie , Bienenkorbglocke , Bronzeguss , Experimentelle Archäologie , Gießerei , Glocke , Theophilus Presbyter , Verlorene Form , Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie , Demonstration , Gießerei , Rekonstruktionen
Sep
23
2015
Bastian Asmus
Das fast fertige Wachsmodell einer Bienenkorbglocke. Darunter ist noch der Kern der Glockengussform erkennbar. Die umlaufende Nut verbessert den Halt des äußeren Formlehmmantels
Auf dem Campus Galli führe ich einen archäometallurgischen Versuch durch: Es soll eine karolingische Bienenkorbglocke mit der Technik des 9. Jahrhunderts zu gegossen werden. Dies ist bereits der dritte Teil meines Erfahrungsberichts…
Der Aufbau des Wachsmodells für den Glockenguss
Wie ist das Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke entstanden? Begonnen habe ich mit dem Kern, den ich im Juni hergestellt hatte, und der nun 10 Wochen Zeit hatte zu trocknen. Nach dem Aufbau der Drehspindel, wurde zunächst das Bienenwachs erwärmt und zu gleichmäßig starken Platten ausgerollt. Hierzu habe ich mir nach Theophilus Anweisungen aus einem Holzbrett, einem runden Holz und zwei Leisten ein Werkzeug gemacht , das es mir erlaubt gleichmäßig starke Platten aus zu rollen:
Nicht in seinem Kapitel zum Glockenguss, sondern im Kapitel zur Herstellung des gegossenen Rauchfasses erteilt Theophilus Anweisungen, wie man sich ein Werkzeug zum Ausrollen gleichmäßig starker Wachsplatten macht.
Abschneiden der ungeraden Wachs-ränder. Die Platten des Wachsmodells für den Glockenguss lassen sich dann schöner aneinander fügen.
Rechts zu sehen sind die einzelnen Wachsplatten aus denen das Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke modelliert wird.
Im Falle unserer Bienenkorbglocke sind dies gut 6,5 mm starke Leisten, so dass die Wandstärke der Glocke nach dem Modellieren etwas unter 6 mm betragen wird. Die ausgerollten Platten wurden im noch warmen Zustand auf den Lehmkern aufgebracht und ordentlich angedrückt. Erstaunlich sind hierbei zwei Dinge. Erstens, lässt sich das am Feuer aufgewärmte Wachs sehr gut dünner walzen, und zweitens haftet das warme Wachs mühelos am trockenen Lehmkern. Schneidet man die Kanten des gewalzten Wachses gerade, lassen sich die Platten mühelos miteinander verbinden. Mit einem heißen Eisen wurden die Nähte verschweißt. Das Werkzeug das hierbei zur Anwendung kam wurde von Johannes dem Campus Galli Schmied angefertigt und erledigte seine Aufgabe in hervorragender Weise. Continue reading
3 comments | tags: Archäometallurgie , Bienenkorbglocke , Bronzeguss , Gießerei , Glocke , Heiliges Römisches Reich , Mittelalter , Theophilus Presbyter , Verlorene Form , Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie , Demonstration , Geschichte , Gießerei , Rekonstruktionen
Jul
10
2015
Bastian Asmus
Es dauert so lange, wie es dauert
Vor einiger Zeit verbrachte ich einige Tage auf dem Gelände des Campus Galli bei Meßkirch, um eine Bienenkorbglocke zu gießen . Am Wochenende vom 27./28. Juni ist der Gusskern fertig geworden. Entgegen des gesetzten Zieles, konnte an jenem Sonntag nicht Glocke gegossen werden. Zum einen brach mir der Gusskern am zweiten Abend auseinander, zum anderen war mein Zeitplan sehr ehrgeizig. Gründe genug also, sich dem Wahlspruch der Kollegen des Campus Galli zu eigen zu machen: Es dauert so lange, wie es dauert!
Meine Erfahrung des gebrochenen Kerns lassen indirekt auch in der schedula diversarum artium des Benediktiners Theophilus Presbyter zum Glockenguss nach lesen .
Ausschnitt aus Theophilus Presbyters de diversis artibus, Harley MS 3915. Hier sehen wir Theophilus Warnung die Lehmschichten trocknen zu lassen, bevor eine neue aufgetragen wird.
Quo facto, sume ipsum lignum et circumpone ei argillam fortiter maceratam, inprimis duobus digitis spissam, qua diligenter siccata, suppone ei alteram, sicque facies donec forma compleatur quantam eam habere volueris, et cave ne unquam superponas argillam alteri nisi inferior omnino sicca fuerit.
Ist das getan, nimm die Holzspindel und umgib sie mit kräftig durchgeknetetem Ton, zunächst von 2 Finger Dicke. Ist dieser sorgfältig getrocknet, lege den nächsten darüber, und so mache es bis die From fertig ist, so groß wie du sie haben willst. Und achte darauf, dass Du niemals eine Tonlage auf die andere aufträgst, ehe die darunterliegende vollständig getrocknet ist.
Seiner eindrücklichen Warnung folgt zwar keine Nennung einer Konsequenz, jedoch ist anzunehmen, dass den damaligen Handwerkern ähnliche Missgeschicke passiert sind: Befolgt man die Anweisung nicht – etwa um einen ehrgeizigen Zeitplan einhalten zu wollen – passiert das was mir passiert ist: Der (zu) feuchte Tonkern bricht aus einander. Warum ist das so? Continue reading
4 comments | tags: Bienenkorbglocke , Bronzeguss , Experimentelle Archäologie , Gießerei , Glocke , Mittelalter , Theophilus Presbyter , Verlorene Form , Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie , Demonstration , Gießerei , Info , Rekonstruktionen
Jun
5
2015
Bastian Asmus
Am Wochenende 27./28. Juni 2015 werde ich im Campus Galli Projekt eine bronzene rekonstruierte mittelalterliche Bienenkorbglocke gießen. Das Ziel der Rekonstruktion ist der Guss einer funktionierenden Glocke, wobei nur authentische Arbeitstechniken zum Einsatz kommen. Dies gilt sowohl für die Herstellung des Glockenmodells, der Gussform, als auch für das Schmelzen und Gießen des Glockenmetalls.
Eine Bienenkorbglocke aus dem 11. Jahrhundert ist diese Bienenkorbglocke aus Hachen. Quelle: Verändertes Photo von Vincent Duseigne via Wikimedia Commons.
Das Campus Galli Projekt hat sich die Rekonstruktion des St. Gallener Klosterplans aus dem neunten Jahrhundert zum Ziel gemacht. Die drei Bienenkorbglocken die zunächst für eine Rekonstruktion in Frage kommen, sind die Glocken von Canino in Oberitalien, die Glocke aus Haithabu, sowie die Glocke von Hachen. Bei diesen Glocken handelt es sich um Glocken deren Form an einen Bienenkorb erinnert. Da die Technik des Glockengusses vom Benediktinermönch Theophilus Presbyter zu Beginn des 12. Jahrhunderts beschrieben wurde, werden diese Glocken auch Theophilusglocken genannt. Der Vergleich der Glocken mit der Beschreibung des Mönchs, lässt den Schluss zu, dass dieser eine lebendige Tradition beschrieb, die mindestens bis in das 9. Jahrhundert, vermutlich aber noch weiter, zurückreicht. Bemerkenswert sind z.B. die dreieckigen Löcher, die sich auch an der Glocke aus Hachen befinden, hier aber nur angedeutet sind. Theophilus war der Meinung, dass es sich dabei um Klanglöcher handele. Moderne Versuche von Hans Drescher haben ergeben, dass dies nicht der Fall ist, und die Löcher nicht zum Klang beitragen . Continue reading
3 comments | tags: Archäometallurgie , Bienenkorbglocke , Bronzeguss , Experimentelle Archäologie , Gießerei , Glocke , Mittelalter , Theophilus Presbyter , Verlorene Form , Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie , Demonstration , Gießerei , Rekonstruktionen