Es dauert so lange, wie es dauert
Vor einiger Zeit verbrachte ich einige Tage auf dem Gelände des Campus Galli bei Meßkirch, um eine Bienenkorbglocke zu gießen. Am Wochenende vom 27./28. Juni ist der Gusskern fertig geworden. Entgegen des gesetzten Zieles, konnte an jenem Sonntag nicht Glocke gegossen werden. Zum einen brach mir der Gusskern am zweiten Abend auseinander, zum anderen war mein Zeitplan sehr ehrgeizig. Gründe genug also, sich dem Wahlspruch der Kollegen des Campus Galli zu eigen zu machen: Es dauert so lange, wie es dauert!
Meine Erfahrung des gebrochenen Kerns lassen indirekt auch in der schedula diversarum artium des Benediktiners Theophilus Presbyter zum Glockenguss nach lesen .
Ausschnitt aus Theophilus Presbyters de diversis artibus, Harley MS 3915. Hier sehen wir Theophilus Warnung die Lehmschichten trocknen zu lassen, bevor eine neue aufgetragen wird.
Quo facto, sume ipsum lignum et circumpone ei argillam fortiter maceratam, inprimis duobus digitis spissam, qua diligenter siccata, suppone ei alteram, sicque facies donec forma compleatur quantam eam habere volueris, et cave ne unquam superponas argillam alteri nisi inferior omnino sicca fuerit.
Ist das getan, nimm die Holzspindel und umgib sie mit kräftig durchgeknetetem Ton, zunächst von 2 Finger Dicke. Ist dieser sorgfältig getrocknet, lege den nächsten darüber, und so mache es bis die From fertig ist, so groß wie du sie haben willst. Und achte darauf, dass Du niemals eine Tonlage auf die andere aufträgst, ehe die darunterliegende vollständig getrocknet ist.
Seiner eindrücklichen Warnung folgt zwar keine Nennung einer Konsequenz, jedoch ist anzunehmen, dass den damaligen Handwerkern ähnliche Missgeschicke passiert sind: Befolgt man die Anweisung nicht – etwa um einen ehrgeizigen Zeitplan einhalten zu wollen – passiert das was mir passiert ist: Der (zu) feuchte Tonkern bricht aus einander. Warum ist das so?
Der Lehmkern ist horizontal gelagert, d.h. solange der Formlehm feucht ist, neigt dieser dazu ab zu reißen, da er frei hängt. Ist der Lehm zu feucht, reißt er durch sein Eigengewicht ab. Vielleicht ist dies auch einer der Gründe warum man ab dem 13./14. Jahrhundert dazu übergegangen ist, Glocken stehend zu formen. Hier kann sich der Formlehm im feuchten Zustand zwar auch bewegen, aber der Lehmkern nicht frei hängt, kann auch nichts abreißen. Das Schlimmste, das passieren kann, ist dass der Kern etwas in sich zusammensackt.
Der Lehmkern der Bienenkorbglocke wird auf einer Holzspindel aufgebaut. Im Unterschied zu späteren Jahrhunderten, werden karolingische Glocken horizontal liegend geformt. Bild: rk-film.de
Nachfolgend habe ich die Herstellung des Kerns illustriert:
Einsetzen der Holzspindel in die Drehlade.
Auf einer eichenen Holzspindel wird schichtenweise Lehm aufgetragen. Jede Schicht sollte gut durch getrocknet sein, bevor eine weitere Schicht aufgetragen wird. Theophilus spricht hier von etwa zwei Finger dicken Schichten. Diese Schichten lassen sich mit einem Feuer unter der Drehlade relativ gut trocknen. Da der Kern horizontal gelagert ist, wirkt die Gewichtskraft des Kern auf den frei hängenden Teil des Kerns. Das Problem ist der Gesamtfeuchtigkeitsgehalt des Kerns, denn ein feuchter Kern neigt zum Auseinanderreißen. Wenn der Kern zu schwer wird, reißt er in der Mitte auseinander.
Aufbau des Gusskerns für eine Bienenkorbglocke: 1. Hölzerne Kernspindel 2. Erster Lehmauftrag 3. Zweiter Lehmauftrag 4. Fertiger Gusskern 5. Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke.
Eine Beimengung von Stroh und Pferdemist – manchmal als unechte Magerung bezeichnet – wirkt dem entgegen, da dadurch ein Faserverbundwerkstoff hergestellt wird. Die organischen Fasern im Formlehm erhöhen dessen Zugfestigkeit. De facto bedeutet dies, dass der so behandelte, stark gemagerte Formlehm im feuchten Zustand verbesserte plastische Eigenschaften, sowie genügend Standfestigkeit besitzt, um nicht auseinander zu reißen. Zudem verbrennt die organische Beimengung beim Brand der Form und sorgt auf diese Weise für eine verbesserte Gasdurchlässigkeit des Formstoffs.
Vorletzte Schicht des Kerns wird aufgetragen. Markierungen auf dem Kern zeigen an, wie rund der Kern ist. Photo: © Simone Napierala 2015.
Die letzte Schicht des Formkerns besteht aus feinem Formlehm, so dass die Oberfläche des Gusses glatter wird. Er besitzt keine Beimengung von Stroh, sondern nur die Fasern des Pferdemists. Im Verlauf des Augusts wird an der Bienenkorbglocke auf dem Campus Galli weiter gearbeitet und noch diesen Sommer gegossen werden.
Literatur
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Oktober 24th, 2015 at 15:46
[…] hat es gedauert bis es soweit war. Ich habe die vorhergehenden Schritte hier und hier und hier beschrieben. Am Montag, den 19.10.15, nach zwei Nachtschichten die ich mit dem Hüten […]
September 23rd, 2015 at 17:14
[…] ist das Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke entstanden? Begonnen habe ich mit dem Kern, den ich im Juni hergestellt hatte, und der nun 10 Wochen Zeit hatte zu trocknen. Nach dem Aufbau der Drehspindel, wurde […]
Juli 14th, 2015 at 13:01
Toller Bericht Bastian, es war toll mit dir zu arbeiten! Wir hoffen, dass wir die Aktion dann bald noch zum „Happy End“ führen können! Der Aufbau des Kerns war schon sehr spannend und informativ, das eigentliche Gießen wird aber sicher der spektakuläre Höhepunkt!
Juli 14th, 2015 at 17:21
Mir hat es auch viel Spaß gemacht und wir werden die Glocke auf jeden Fall zum Klingen bringen. Versprochen!