Sep.
23
2015
Bastian Asmus
Das fast fertige Wachsmodell einer Bienenkorbglocke. Darunter ist noch der Kern der Glockengussform erkennbar. Die umlaufende Nut verbessert den Halt des äußeren Formlehmmantels
Auf dem Campus Galli führe ich einen archäometallurgischen Versuch durch: Es soll eine karolingische Bienenkorbglocke mit der Technik des 9. Jahrhunderts zu gegossen werden. Dies ist bereits der dritte Teil meines Erfahrungsberichts…
Der Aufbau des Wachsmodells für den Glockenguss
Wie ist das Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke entstanden? Begonnen habe ich mit dem Kern, den ich im Juni hergestellt hatte, und der nun 10 Wochen Zeit hatte zu trocknen. Nach dem Aufbau der Drehspindel, wurde zunächst das Bienenwachs erwärmt und zu gleichmäßig starken Platten ausgerollt. Hierzu habe ich mir nach Theophilus Anweisungen aus einem Holzbrett, einem runden Holz und zwei Leisten ein Werkzeug gemacht , das es mir erlaubt gleichmäßig starke Platten aus zu rollen:
Nicht in seinem Kapitel zum Glockenguss, sondern im Kapitel zur Herstellung des gegossenen Rauchfasses erteilt Theophilus Anweisungen, wie man sich ein Werkzeug zum Ausrollen gleichmäßig starker Wachsplatten macht.
Abschneiden der ungeraden Wachs-ränder. Die Platten des Wachsmodells für den Glockenguss lassen sich dann schöner aneinander fügen.
Rechts zu sehen sind die einzelnen Wachsplatten aus denen das Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke modelliert wird.
Im Falle unserer Bienenkorbglocke sind dies gut 6,5 mm starke Leisten, so dass die Wandstärke der Glocke nach dem Modellieren etwas unter 6 mm betragen wird. Die ausgerollten Platten wurden im noch warmen Zustand auf den Lehmkern aufgebracht und ordentlich angedrückt. Erstaunlich sind hierbei zwei Dinge. Erstens, lässt sich das am Feuer aufgewärmte Wachs sehr gut dünner walzen, und zweitens haftet das warme Wachs mühelos am trockenen Lehmkern. Schneidet man die Kanten des gewalzten Wachses gerade, lassen sich die Platten mühelos miteinander verbinden. Mit einem heißen Eisen wurden die Nähte verschweißt. Das Werkzeug das hierbei zur Anwendung kam wurde von Johannes dem Campus Galli Schmied angefertigt und erledigte seine Aufgabe in hervorragender Weise. Continue reading
3 comments | tags: Archäometallurgie, Bienenkorbglocke, Bronzeguss, Gießerei, Glocke, Heiliges Römisches Reich, Mittelalter, Theophilus Presbyter, Verlorene Form, Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie, Demonstration, Geschichte, Gießerei, Rekonstruktionen
Juli
18
2015
Bastian Asmus
Notker Balbulus, auch Notker von St. Gallen. Autor der Notkeri Gesta Karoli. Miniatur aus dem 10. Jahrhundert. Quelle: Gemeinfreies Bild. Joachim Schäfer – Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon
Heute soll es um eine spannende Quelle des 9. Jahrhunderts gehen, mit der mich Erik Reuter vom Campus Galli Projekt im Rahmen des Glockengusses bekannt machte. Bezeichnenderweise geht es dabei um den unredlichen Glockengießer, der den edlen und gerechten Kaiser Karl (den Großen) hinter’s Licht führte und dafür seine gerechte Strafe erhielt. Die Quelle, Notkeri Gesta Caroli entstand erst etliche Jahrzehnte nach Karls Tod. Sie stammt aus der Feder des Notker von St. Gallen, genannt der Stammler, und trägt bereits einiges zur Legendenbildung um Karl den Großen bei; so auch mit dieser, wenngleich für den Glockengießer weniger amüsanten Anektdote .
40. Der unredliche Glockengießer (800-814)
Dort war auch ein Künstler, der in allen Erz- und Glasarbeiten alle anderen übertraf. Als nun der Mönch Tanco von Sankt Gallen eine vortreffliche Glocke goß und der Kaiser sich nicht wenig über ihren Klang wunderte, da sprach jener überragende, aber unglückliche Meister im Erzguss: Herr Kaiser, laß mir viel Kupfer herbeischaffen, damit ich es läutere, und statt Zinn laß mir Silber geben, soviel ich brauche, wenigstens hundert Pfund, und ich gieße Dir eine Glocke, daß verglichen mit ihr diese Glocke verstummt. Da ließ der freigebigste der Könige, der trotz seines Reichtums, den er im Überfluß hatte, doch sein Herz nicht daran hing, ihm ohne weiteres alles, worum man bat, zur Verfügung stellen. Jener Elende nahm das alles und ging fröhlich hinweg. zwar schmolz und läuterte er die Glockenspeise, aber statt des Silber verwendete er reinstes Zinn und brachte so in kurzer zeit eine Glocke, viel besser als die vortrefflichste, aus der Mischmasse fertig, und nachdem sie geprüft war, zeigte er sie dem Kaiser. Dieser bewunderte sie sehr wegen ihrer unvergleichlichen Schönheit, dann ließ er den Klöppel einfügen und sie im Glockenturm aufhängen. Dies geschah unverzüglich, aber als der Küster der Kirche und die übrigen Kapläne, auch fahrende Schüler einander ablösend sie zum Läuten bringen versuchten, brachten sie nichts zuwege. Schließlich griff unwillig der Schöpfer des Werks und Urheber des unerhörten Betrugs zum Seil und zog die Glocke. Und siehe da kam aus ihrer Mitte der Klöppel herab auf sein Haupt mit seiner Sündhaftigkeit, drang durch seinen bereits toten Leib und kam mit seinen Eingeweiden und seinem Gemächte zu Boden. Die erwähnte Silbermasse aber wurde aufgefunden und der gerechte Karl ließ sie unter den Armen verteilen.
Mit dem Mönch Tanco von St. Gallen wird ein erfahrener Glockengießer genannt, der von Karl dem Großen beauftragt wurde eine bronzene Glocke für die Aachener Münsterkirche zu gießen .
Literatur
{1698736:QCH5MZRR};{1698736:4HTFAITB}
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1 comment | tags: Bienenkorbglocke, Bronzeguss, Glocke, Heiliges Römisches Reich, Silber | posted in Geschichte, Gießerei
Juli
10
2015
Bastian Asmus
Es dauert so lange, wie es dauert
Vor einiger Zeit verbrachte ich einige Tage auf dem Gelände des Campus Galli bei Meßkirch, um eine Bienenkorbglocke zu gießen. Am Wochenende vom 27./28. Juni ist der Gusskern fertig geworden. Entgegen des gesetzten Zieles, konnte an jenem Sonntag nicht Glocke gegossen werden. Zum einen brach mir der Gusskern am zweiten Abend auseinander, zum anderen war mein Zeitplan sehr ehrgeizig. Gründe genug also, sich dem Wahlspruch der Kollegen des Campus Galli zu eigen zu machen: Es dauert so lange, wie es dauert!
Meine Erfahrung des gebrochenen Kerns lassen indirekt auch in der schedula diversarum artium des Benediktiners Theophilus Presbyter zum Glockenguss nach lesen .
Ausschnitt aus Theophilus Presbyters de diversis artibus, Harley MS 3915. Hier sehen wir Theophilus Warnung die Lehmschichten trocknen zu lassen, bevor eine neue aufgetragen wird.
Quo facto, sume ipsum lignum et circumpone ei argillam fortiter maceratam, inprimis duobus digitis spissam, qua diligenter siccata, suppone ei alteram, sicque facies donec forma compleatur quantam eam habere volueris, et cave ne unquam superponas argillam alteri nisi inferior omnino sicca fuerit.
Ist das getan, nimm die Holzspindel und umgib sie mit kräftig durchgeknetetem Ton, zunächst von 2 Finger Dicke. Ist dieser sorgfältig getrocknet, lege den nächsten darüber, und so mache es bis die From fertig ist, so groß wie du sie haben willst. Und achte darauf, dass Du niemals eine Tonlage auf die andere aufträgst, ehe die darunterliegende vollständig getrocknet ist.
Seiner eindrücklichen Warnung folgt zwar keine Nennung einer Konsequenz, jedoch ist anzunehmen, dass den damaligen Handwerkern ähnliche Missgeschicke passiert sind: Befolgt man die Anweisung nicht – etwa um einen ehrgeizigen Zeitplan einhalten zu wollen – passiert das was mir passiert ist: Der (zu) feuchte Tonkern bricht aus einander. Warum ist das so? Continue reading
4 comments | tags: Bienenkorbglocke, Bronzeguss, Experimentelle Archäologie, Gießerei, Glocke, Mittelalter, Theophilus Presbyter, Verlorene Form, Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie, Demonstration, Gießerei, Info, Rekonstruktionen
Juni
5
2015
Bastian Asmus
Am Wochenende 27./28. Juni 2015 werde ich im Campus Galli Projekt eine bronzene rekonstruierte mittelalterliche Bienenkorbglocke gießen. Das Ziel der Rekonstruktion ist der Guss einer funktionierenden Glocke, wobei nur authentische Arbeitstechniken zum Einsatz kommen. Dies gilt sowohl für die Herstellung des Glockenmodells, der Gussform, als auch für das Schmelzen und Gießen des Glockenmetalls.
Eine Bienenkorbglocke aus dem 11. Jahrhundert ist diese Bienenkorbglocke aus Hachen. Quelle: Verändertes Photo von Vincent Duseigne via Wikimedia Commons.
Das Campus Galli Projekt hat sich die Rekonstruktion des St. Gallener Klosterplans aus dem neunten Jahrhundert zum Ziel gemacht. Die drei Bienenkorbglocken die zunächst für eine Rekonstruktion in Frage kommen, sind die Glocken von Canino in Oberitalien, die Glocke aus Haithabu, sowie die Glocke von Hachen. Bei diesen Glocken handelt es sich um Glocken deren Form an einen Bienenkorb erinnert. Da die Technik des Glockengusses vom Benediktinermönch Theophilus Presbyter zu Beginn des 12. Jahrhunderts beschrieben wurde, werden diese Glocken auch Theophilusglocken genannt. Der Vergleich der Glocken mit der Beschreibung des Mönchs, lässt den Schluss zu, dass dieser eine lebendige Tradition beschrieb, die mindestens bis in das 9. Jahrhundert, vermutlich aber noch weiter, zurückreicht. Bemerkenswert sind z.B. die dreieckigen Löcher, die sich auch an der Glocke aus Hachen befinden, hier aber nur angedeutet sind. Theophilus war der Meinung, dass es sich dabei um Klanglöcher handele. Moderne Versuche von Hans Drescher haben ergeben, dass dies nicht der Fall ist, und die Löcher nicht zum Klang beitragen . Continue reading
3 comments | tags: Archäometallurgie, Bienenkorbglocke, Bronzeguss, Experimentelle Archäologie, Gießerei, Glocke, Mittelalter, Theophilus Presbyter, Verlorene Form, Wachsausschmelzverfahren | posted in Archaeometallurgie, Demonstration, Gießerei, Rekonstruktionen