Wer hat als erstes Kupfer verarbeitet? Wo kam das älteste Kupfer her? Wie kamen die Menschen zum Gebrauch des Kupfers? Seit wann ist Kupfer bekannt? Dies sind nur einige Fragen die man sich stellt wenn man sich über die Ursprünge der Metallnutzung Gedanken macht. Aufgabe der Archäologie, und hier im speziellen die der Archäometallurgie ist es, mögliche Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden. Die Schnellantwort ist:
Neolithiker aus Anatolien, die bereits vor mehr als 10000 Jahren(!) natürlich vorkommendes Kupfer aufgesammelt haben.
Wenn sie mehr wissen möchten lesen Sie hier weiter…
Die Karte zeigt einige neolithische Siedlungen in denen früher Kupfergebrauch nachgewiesen ist. Die älteste bekannte Siedlung Anatoliens ist Hallan Çemi, von der bereits Nachweise für aufgesammelte Malachitfragmente um 9500 v. Chr. vorliegen. Die ältesten Malachit- und Kupferobjekte sind Perlen und stammen aus Çayönü Tepesi. Karte erstellt mit GMT.
Das älteste Kupfer
Das älteste vom Menschen verwendete Kupfer stammt derzeit aus Anatolien, genau genommen aus den präkeramischen neolithischen Siedlungen Çayönü Tepesi und Aşıklı Höyük. Die ältesten Kupferobjekte stammen aus dem präkeramischen Neolithikum B (PPNB). Es handelt sich um Perlen aus gediegenem Kupfer. Auch in der wohl bekantesten anatolischen Siedlung Çatal Höyük fanden sich Perlen aus gediegenem Kupfer aus dem 8. Jahrtausend vor unserer Zeitrechnung . Leider gibt es derzeit keine gemeinfreien Abbildungen der Perlen und ich hatte bisher nicht die Gelegenheit eigene Aufnahmen zu machen. Çayönu Tepesi und Aşıklı Höyük gehören zu den ersten festen und dauerhaften Siedlungen der Menschheit. Sie sind im Gesamtzusammenhang der Entwicklung einer neuen Wirtschaftsweise zu sehen: Die Menschen beginnen sesshaft zu werden, Pflanzen zu kultivieren und Tiere zu halten.
Was ist gediegenes Kupfer und wie wurde es bearbeitet?
Gediegenes Kupfer kommt in seiner elementaren, metallischen Form vor und konnte direkt bearbeitet werden. Gediegenes Kupfer wurde durch Hämmern und Schleifen in Form gebracht, weshalb man nicht von einem Technologiewechsel im Neolithikum sprechen kann. Man könnte das Kupfer in diesem Zusammenhang eher als biegsamen Stein bezeichnen. Neben der Kaltverformung des Kupfers, lässt sich aber auch schon von Anbeginn wärmebehandelt wurden: Die Perlen von Aşıklı Höyük weisen im Schliffbild Rekristallisationszwillinge auf, die nur durch Glühen des Metalls entstehen können . Bis etwa 5000 v. Chr. lassen sich in Anatolien nur Funde aus gediegenem Kupfer nachweisen. Es ist durchaus anzunehmen, dass bei diesem Arbeitsschritt das Schmelzen des Kupfers entdeckt wurde.
Wo oder wie haben die Menschen gediegenes Kupfer gefunden?
Bereits den Menschen des Epipaläololithikums blieben Erzgänge nicht verborgen. Das zeigen Malachitbrocken die bereits im 11. und 10. Jahrtausend vor unserer Zeitrechnung gefunden wurden
, die ein gezieltes Sammeln dieser Ressource belegen. Vom Menschen aufgesammelte Malachitfragmente wurden in den nordirakischen Höhle Shanidar, und der ganz in der Nähe liegenden Siedlung Zawi Chemi gefunden
. Im nachfolgenden präkeramischen Neolithikum A fanden sich Malachitbruchstücke in Hallam Çemi und in Çayönu Tepesi
. In den Erzgängen des Taurus- und Zagrosgebirges befinden sich etliche Kupfererzgänge mit Vorkommen von gediegen Kupfer und verwitterten Erzen wir Malachit und/oder Azurit, um nur die farbenprächtigsten Erze zu nennen. Am sogenannten
eisernen Hut der Erzgänge ließ sich aber auch gediegenes Kupfer finden.
Shanidar Höhle in den Ausläufern des Zagrosgebirges, Nordirak. Fundort der ältesten nachgewiesenen vom Menschen aufgesammelten Malachitstücke. Bildquelle: wikimedia commons.
Beginn der extraktiven Metallurgie
Der Beginn der extraktiven Metallurgie, oder der Verhüttung fand, nach jetzigem Wissensstand, im Zeitraum zwischen 5000 und 6000 v. Chr. statt. Mit dem Zeithorizont der Vinča Kultur (5400-4500 v. Chr.) bietet Serbien momentan den ältesten Nachweis für Kupferverhüttung , obgleich es im gleichen Zeithorizont aus Anatolien ebenfalls einige Hinweise gibt. Für Anatolien und angrenzende Gebiete sind ebenfalls ähnlich alte oder noch ältere Nachweise der Kupferverhüttung zu erwarten. Hier werden sich zweifellos noch einige neue Erkenntnisse ergeben, sobald entsprechende Forschungen vorangetrieben werden.
Die Karte zeigt die Fundorte und Bergwerke der ältesten Kupfermetallurgie: Rudna Glava, Jarmovac und Ai Bunar, sowie Pločnik und Belovode als Fundplätze mit der derzeit ältesten nachgewiesenen Kupferverhüttung weltweit. Vinča Gebiet nach Chapman (1981). Karte erstellt mit GMT.
Über die Entstehung der extraktiven Metallurgie wird nach wie vor durchaus kontrovers diskutiert. In den 60er Jahren ging schlug Wertime vor dass die Entdeckung der Entwicklung der Vehüttung von Metalle eine derartige Leistung sei, die nur ein einziges Mal in der Menschheitsgeschichte stattgefunden haben könne, und sich die Idee langsam aus dieser Region über die alte Welt ausbreitete. Colin Renfrew plädierte hingegen für ein Modell nach dem sich die Metallurgie an mehreren Orten der Welt eigenständig entwickelte. Zu Beginn der Achtziger Jahre kamen weitere Interpretationsansätze hinzu, nämlich dass die Entwicklung der Metallurgie durch regionale naturräumliche Voraussetzungen determiniert sei . Das Verdienst von Cyril Stanley Smith ist es die Debatte, die bis dato von technologisch – geologischen Gesichtspunkten dominiert war, eine sozio-kulturelle Dimension hinzuzufügen, und den Menschen als aktiven Gestalter hinter die Entwicklung der Metallurgie zu stellen (Roberts, Thornton & Pigott 2009) :
„People did not need copper tools, they wanted copper tools“
Heute, 50 Jahre später hat sich an diesen grundlegenden Ideen nichts verändert, jedoch ist die Datengrundlage um ein Vielfaches besser, und die Modelle sind weniger schwarz-weiß sondern erheblich differenzierter (siehe z.B. Roberts, Thornton & Pigott 2009). Festzuhalten ist, dass Menschen den Wunsch hatten, sich mit farbigen Pigmenten oder persönlichen Schmuckstücken im Leben, aber auch im Tod zu schmücken. Der Gebrauch von farbigen Mineralien für die verschiedensten Zwecke begann etliche Jahrtausende früher; man denke beispielsweise an die Felsmalereien in Frankreich oder die extrem frühe Ockerverarbeitung in der Blombos Höhle in Südafrika .
In Anatolien begannen die Menschen jedoch farbige Pigmente, wie Malachit und Azurit zu suchen und zu sammeln, die aufgrund ihrer Genese und ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung erheblich seltener vorkommen als Eisenverbindungen wie Ocker. Die Entwicklung der Metallurgie war demzufolge vom Wunsch der Menschen nach grünen, blauen und kupfernen Objekten angestoßen, aber nur die naturräumlichen Voraussetzungen machten es möglich dass dies auch geschah. Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich dass wir es hier mit einer einmaligen Entdeckung der Metallurgie im östlichen Mittelmeerraum zu tun haben, und sich diese Objekte und Ideen mit von einer Menschengruppe zur nächsten weiter verbreitete.
Die ältesten Bergwerke – das älteste verhüttete Kupfer
Derzeit ist das älteste nachgewiesene verhüttete Kupfer in Serbien nachgewiesen. Die Fundstellen Pločnik, Belovode und Jarmovac haben zahlreiche der Belege für die gesamte Prozesskette vom Erz zum Objekt geliefert: Neben Malachitperlen haben die Ausgräber auch Kupferfunde, sowie Kupferverhüttungsschlacke zu Tage gefördert (Radivojević et al 2010). Es handelt sich dabei um die Verhütung sog. oxidischer Erze, also in erster Linie Malachit. Ich wurde von meiner Kollegin Miljana Radivojević eingeladen, in Zusammenarbeit mit einem internationalen Team die archäometallurgischen Experimente in Pločnik aktiv mit zu gestalten. Hierbei wurden die verschiedene Installationen und Parameter der chalkolithischen Kupferverhüttung untersucht. Ziel der Versuche ist es die Verhüttungstechnologie zu rekonstruieren. Die Versuche dieser ersten Kampgane werden derzeit am University College London archäometrisch ausgewertet, und sollen im nächsten Jahr fortgesetzt werden.
Blasrohre als Luftzufuhr bei der Verhüttung von oxidischen Kupfererzen (Malachit) aus Rudna Glava und Ždrelo. Photo: © Rise of Metallurgy Project 2013. Photograph: Silvia Amicone.
Blasrohre als Luftzufuhr bei der Verhüttung von oxidischen Kupfererzen (Malachit) aus Rudna Glava und Ždrelo. Photo: © Rise of Metallurgy Project 2013. Photograph: Silvia Amicone.
Neben Blasrohren wurden auch einfache Taschenblasebälge für die Luftzufuhr verwendet. Wir haben erfolgreich Kupfer verhüttet und eine ganze Reihe von Parametern getestet. Sowie die Ergebnisse vorliegen werde ich in einem weiteren Beitrag davon berichten.
Literatur
{1698736:2JKTTVNA};{1698736:USQ4KV68};{1698736:USQ4KV68};{1698736:DST84EXS},{1698736:USQ4KV68};{1698736:DST84EXS},{1698736:USQ4KV68};{1698736:X555HBK7};{1698736:JSDIBRFH};{1698736:F2IQ4F96},{1698736:H5SRPP34};{1698736:7UZWF2H3};{1698736:WN6ECKRA};{1698736:TGMTQ7FX};{1698736:EWFXVWNG};{1698736:JSDIBRFH}
harvard1
default
0
1787
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A1200%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%2226JM8AN2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Stephan%20M%5Cu00f6slein%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EStephan%20M%26%23xF6%3Bslein%20%282008%29%20%26%23x2018%3BFr%26%23xFC%3Bhbronzezeitliche%20Depotfunde%20im%20Alpenvorland%20%26%23x2013%3B%20neue%20Befunde%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in.%20%3Ci%3EVortr%26%23xE4%3Bge%20des%2026.%20NIederbayerischen%20Arch%26%23xE4%3Bologentages%2C%20Deggendorf%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20Rahden%5C%2FWestfalen%2C%20pp.%20109%26%23x2013%3B130.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fr%5Cu00fchbronzezeitliche%20Depotfunde%20im%20Alpenvorland%20%5Cu2013%20neue%20Befunde%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Stephan%20M%5Cu00f6slein%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22Vortr%5Cu00e4ge%20des%2026.%20NIederbayerischen%20Arch%5Cu00e4ologentages%2C%20Deggendorf%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-31T15%3A13%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2246XIMTVI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22J.J.%20Butler%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJ.J.%20Butler%20%282002%29%20%26%23x2018%3BIngots%20and%20Insights%3A%20Reflections%20on%20Rings%20and%20Ribs%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EDie%20Anf%26%23xE4%3Bnge%20der%20Metallurgie%20in%20der%20alten%20Welt%20%3D%3A%20The%20beginnings%20of%20metallurgy%20in%20the%20old%20world%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Rahden%2C%20Westf%3A%20Verlag%20Marie%20Leidorf%20%28Forschungen%20zur%20Arch%26%23xE4%3Bometrie%20und%20Altertumswissenschaft%2C%20Bd.%201%29%2C%20pp.%20229%26%23x2013%3B243.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ingots%20and%20Insights%3A%20Reflections%20on%20Rings%20and%20Ribs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22J.J.%20Butler%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Die%20Anf%5Cu00e4nge%20der%20Metallurgie%20in%20der%20alten%20Welt%20%3D%3A%20The%20beginnings%20of%20metallurgy%20in%20the%20old%20world%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ger%20eng%20fre%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-89646-871-0%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-31T15%3A09%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AWUKGXXR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%26%23x2018%3BIngots%20and%20Insights%3A%20Reflections%20on%20RIngs%20and%20Ribs%26%23x2019%3B%20%28no%20date%29%20in%2C%20pp.%20229%26%23x2013%3B243.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ingots%20and%20Insights%3A%20Reflections%20on%20RIngs%20and%20Ribs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-31T15%3A06%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225H87R8UU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dines%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDines%2C%20I.%20%282010%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20Theophilus%20Manuscript%20Tradition%20Reconsidered%20in%20the%20Light%20of%20New%20Manuscript%20Discoveries%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20Maui%26%23xE8%3Bge%2C%20M.%20and%20Westerman-Angerhausen%2C%20H.%20%28eds%29%20%3Ci%3EZwischen%20Kunsthandwerk%20und%20Kunst%3A%20Die%20Schedula%20diversarum%20artium%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Berlin%5C%2FBoston%3A%20de%20Gruyter%2C%20pp.%203%26%23x2013%3B14.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Theophilus%20Manuscript%20Tradition%20Reconsidered%20in%20the%20Light%20of%20New%20Manuscript%20Discoveries%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dines%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maxime%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maui%5Cu00e8ge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hiltrud%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westerman-Angerhausen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Zwischen%20Kunsthandwerk%20und%20Kunst%3A%20Die%20Schedula%20diversarum%20artium%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A39%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224ICDYHGU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rossi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221890%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERossi%2C%20J.-B.%20de%20%281890%29%20%26%23x2018%3BCloche%2C%20avec%20inscription%20d%26%23xE9%3Bdicatoire%2C%20du%20VIIIe%20ou%20IXe%20si%26%23xE8%3Bcle%2C%20trouv%26%23xE9%3Be%20%26%23xE0%3B%20Canino%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3ERevue%20de%20l%26%23x2019%3Bart%20chr%26%23xE9%3Btien%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%2833%29%2C%20pp.%201%26%23x2013%3B5.%20Available%20at%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farchive.org%5C%2Fdetails%5C%2Frevuedelartchr1890lill%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farchive.org%5C%2Fdetails%5C%2Frevuedelartchr1890lill%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cloche%2C%20avec%20inscription%20d%5Cu00e9dicatoire%2C%20du%20VIIIe%20ou%20IXe%20si%5Cu00e8cle%2C%20trouv%5Cu00e9e%20%5Cu00e0%20Canino%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.-Baptista%20de%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rossi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221890%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farchive.org%5C%2Fdetails%5C%2Frevuedelartchr1890lill%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A37%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G52836AQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221961%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281961%29%20%26%23x2018%3BZwei%20mittelalterliche%20Gie%26%23xDF%3Bereien%20auf%20dem%20Gel%26%23xE4%3Bnde%20des%20ehemaligen%20Hamburger%20Doms%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EHammaburg%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20A.%20F.%208%2C%20pp.%20107%26%23x2013%3B132.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zwei%20mittelalterliche%20Gie%5Cu00dfereien%20auf%20dem%20Gel%5Cu00e4nde%20des%20ehemaligen%20Hamburger%20Doms%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221961%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A37%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222DF9XDGI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221968%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281968%29%20%26%23x2018%3BMittelalterliche%20Bronzegrapen%20aus%20L%26%23xFC%3Bbeck%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EDer%20Wagen.%20Ein%20l%26%23xFC%3Bbeckisches%20Jahrbuch%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%20164%26%23x2013%3B171.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Mittelalterliche%20Bronzegrapen%20aus%20L%5Cu00fcbeck%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221968%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228IN9A2H8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221982%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281982%29%20%26%23x2018%3BZu%20den%20bronzenen%20Grapen%20des%2012.-16.%20Jahrhunderts%20aus%20Nordwestdeuschland%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20Pohl-Weber%2C%20R.%20%28ed.%29%20%3Ci%3EAus%20dem%20Alltag%20der%20Mittelalterlichen%20Stadt.%20Handbuch%20zur%20Sonderausstellung%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Bremen%2C%20pp.%20157%26%23x2013%3B174.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zu%20den%20bronzenen%20Grapen%20des%2012.-16.%20Jahrhunderts%20aus%20Nordwestdeuschland%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pohl-Weber%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Aus%20dem%20Alltag%20der%20Mittelalterlichen%20Stadt.%20Handbuch%20zur%20Sonderausstellung%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221982%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FWBHWHWG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221986%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281986%29%20%26%23x2018%3BZum%20Guss%20von%20Bronze%2C%20Messing%20und%20Zinn%20%26%23x201C%3Bum%201200%26%23x201D%3B%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EZeitschrift%20f%26%23xFC%3Br%20Arch%26%23xE4%3Bologie%20des%20Mittelalters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20Beiheft%204%2C%20pp.%20389%26%23x2013%3B405.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zum%20Guss%20von%20Bronze%2C%20Messing%20und%20Zinn%20%5C%22um%201200%5C%22%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221986%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P2DXZ99G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221987%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281987%29%20%26%23x2018%3BErg%26%23xE4%3Bnzende%20Bemerkungen%20zum%20Giessereifund%20von%20Bonn-Schwarzrheindorf%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20Janssen%2C%20W.%20%28ed.%29%20%3Ci%3EEine%20mittelalterliche%20Metallgie%26%23xDF%3Berei%20in%20Bonn-Schwarzrheindorf%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%28Rheinische%20Ausgrabungen%29%2C%20pp.%20201%26%23x2013%3B227.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Erg%5Cu00e4nzende%20Bemerkungen%20zum%20Giessereifund%20von%20Bonn-Schwarzrheindorf%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janssen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221987%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22Eine%20mittelalterliche%20Metallgie%5Cu00dferei%20in%20Bonn-Schwarzrheindorf%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CPX92XCU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221992%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281992%29%20%26%23x2018%3BGlocken%20und%20Glockenguss%20im%2011.%20und%2012.%20Jahrhundert%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20Waurick%2C%20G.%20and%20B%26%23xF6%3Bhme%2C%20H.%20W.%20%28eds%29%20%3Ci%3EDas%20Reich%20der%20Salier%201024%20-%201125%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20Katalog%20zur%20Ausstellung%20des%20Landes%20Rheinland-Pfalz%3B%20%5BAusstellung%20im%20Historischen%20Museum%20der%20Pfalz%2C%20Speyer%2C%20vom%2023.%20M%26%23xE4%3Brz%20bis%2021.%20Juni%201992%5D%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Sigmaringen%3A%20Thorbecke%20%28Publikationen%20zur%20Ausstellung%20%26%23x2018%3BDie%20Salier%20und%20Ihr%20Reich%26%23x2019%3B%20%5C%2F%20Ausstellung%20Das%20Reich%20der%20Salier%201024%20-%201125%2C%201992%20Speyer%29%2C%20pp.%20405%26%23x2013%3B414.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Glocken%20und%20Glockenguss%20im%2011.%20und%2012.%20Jahrhundert%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f6tz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waurick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Horst%20Wolfgang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B%5Cu00f6hme%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Das%20Reich%20der%20Salier%201024%20-%201125%20%3A%20Katalog%20zur%20Ausstellung%20des%20Landes%20Rheinland-Pfalz%3B%20%5BAusstellung%20im%20Historischen%20Museum%20der%20Pfalz%2C%20Speyer%2C%20vom%2023.%20M%5Cu00e4rz%20bis%2021.%20Juni%201992%5D%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221992%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%223-7995-4140-3%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226WNC9C3B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281993%29%20%26%23x2018%3BEin%20Kommentar%20zu%3A%20Gerhard%20Laub%2C%20Zum%20Nachweis%20von%20Rammelsberger%20Kupfer%20in%20Kunstgegenst%26%23xE4%3Bnden%20aus%20Goslar%20und%20in%20anderen%20Metallarbeiten%20des%20Mittelalters%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EGoslar%20Bergstadt%20-%20Kaiserstadt%20in%20Geschichte%20und%20Kunst%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%20313%26%23x2013%3B316.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ein%20Kommentar%20zu%3A%20Gerhard%20Laub%2C%20Zum%20Nachweis%20von%20Rammelsberger%20Kupfer%20in%20Kunstgegenst%5Cu00e4nden%20aus%20Goslar%20und%20in%20anderen%20Metallarbeiten%20des%20Mittelalters%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Goslar%20Bergstadt%20-%20Kaiserstadt%20in%20Geschichte%20und%20Kunst%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RKIKABBU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281993%29%20%26%23x2018%3BZur%20Herstellungstechnik%20mittelalterlicher%20Bronzen%20aus%20Goslar.%20Der%20Marktbrunnen%2C%20der%20neu%20gefundene%20Bronze%20Vogel%2C%20der%20Greif%20vom%20Kaiserhaus%20und%20der%20Kaiserstuhl%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EGoslar%20Bergstadt%20-%20Kaiserstadt%20in%20Geschichte%20und%20Kunst%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20G%26%23xF6%3Bttingen%2C%20pp.%20251%26%23x2013%3B301.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zur%20Herstellungstechnik%20mittelalterlicher%20Bronzen%20aus%20Goslar.%20Der%20Marktbrunnen%2C%20der%20neu%20gefundene%20Bronze%20Vogel%2C%20der%20Greif%20vom%20Kaiserhaus%20und%20der%20Kaiserstuhl%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Goslar%20Bergstadt%20-%20Kaiserstadt%20in%20Geschichte%20und%20Kunst%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FFUFS9V6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281993%29%20%26%23x2018%3BZur%20Technik%20berwardinischer%20Silber-%20und%20Bronzeg%26%23xFC%3Bsse%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EBernward%20von%20Hildesheim%20und%20das%20Zeitalter%20der%20Ottonen%3A%20Katalog%20der%20Ausstellung%2C%20Hildesheim%201993.%20Band%201%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%20337%26%23x2013%3B351.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zur%20Technik%20berwardinischer%20Silber-%20und%20Bronzeg%5Cu00fcsse%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Bernward%20von%20Hildesheim%20und%20das%20Zeitalter%20der%20Ottonen%3A%20Katalog%20der%20Ausstellung%2C%20Hildesheim%201993.%20Band%201%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CKJS5RNK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281995%29%20%26%23x2018%3BGie%26%23xDF%3Bformen%20fr%26%23xFC%3Bher%20Glocken%20aus%20Mainz%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EMainzer%20Zeitschrift%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2090%5C%2F91%2C%20pp.%20183%26%23x2013%3B225.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Gie%5Cu00dfformen%20fr%5Cu00fcher%20Glocken%20aus%20Mainz%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%5C%2F96%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A36%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JNZVJZ6N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Drescher%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDrescher%2C%20H.%20%281999%29%20%26%23x2018%3BDie%20Glocken%20der%20karolingerzeitlichen%20Stiftdkirche%20bei%20Vreden%2C%20Kreis%20Ahaus%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20Stiegemann%2C%20C.%20and%20Wemhoff%2C%20M.%20%28eds%29%20%3Ci%3E799%2C%20Kunst%20und%20Kultur%20der%20Karolingerzeit%3A%20Karl%20der%20Grosse%20und%20Papst%20Leo%20III.%20in%20Paderborn%3A%20Katalog%20der%20Ausstellung%2C%20Paderborn%201999%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Mainz%3A%20P.%20von%20Zabern%2C%20pp.%20356%26%23x2013%3B364.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20Glocken%20der%20karolingerzeitlichen%20Stiftdkirche%20bei%20Vreden%2C%20Kreis%20Ahaus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christoph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stiegemann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthias%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wemhoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drescher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22799%2C%20Kunst%20und%20Kultur%20der%20Karolingerzeit%3A%20Karl%20der%20Grosse%20und%20Papst%20Leo%20III.%20in%20Paderborn%3A%20Katalog%20der%20Ausstellung%2C%20Paderborn%201999%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-8053-2456-4%20978-3-8053-2460-1%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A35%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227ZV3MN3T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Janssen%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221987%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJanssen%2C%20W.%20%281987%29%20%26%23x2018%3BEine%20mittelalterliche%20Metallgie%26%23xDF%3Berei%20in%20Bonn-%20Schwarzrheindorf.%20Mit%20Beitr%26%23xE4%3Bgen%20von%20Hans%20Drescher%2C%20Christoph%20J.%20Raub%20und%20Josef%20Riederer.%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EBeitr%26%23xE4%3Bge%20zur%20Arch%26%23xE4%3Bologie%20des%20Rheinlandes.%20Rheinische%20Ausgrabungen%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20K%26%23xF6%3Bln%2C%20pp.%20135%26%23x2013%3B235.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Eine%20mittelalterliche%20Metallgie%5Cu00dferei%20in%20Bonn-%20Schwarzrheindorf.%20Mit%20Beitr%5Cu00e4gen%20von%20Hans%20Drescher%2C%20Christoph%20J.%20Raub%20und%20Josef%20Riederer.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Walter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janssen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Beitr%5Cu00e4ge%20zur%20Arch%5Cu00e4ologie%20des%20Rheinlandes.%20Rheinische%20Ausgrabungen%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221987%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A35%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EXBIW7AU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haiduck%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHaiduck%2C%20H.%20%281997%29%20%26%23x2018%3BDie%20mittelalterliche%20Gussform%20eines%20Taufkessels%20aus%20der%20Kirche%20von%20Cappel%20%28Kreis%20Cuxhaven%29%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EZeitschrift%20f%26%23xFC%3Br%20Arch%26%23xE4%3Bologie%20des%20Mittelalters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2025%5C%2F26%2C%20pp.%2087%26%23x2013%3B105.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20mittelalterliche%20Gussform%20eines%20Taufkessels%20aus%20der%20Kirche%20von%20Cappel%20%28Kreis%20Cuxhaven%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haiduck%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%5C%2F98%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A35%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WZJGGXE6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sugaki%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221981%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESugaki%2C%20A.%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%281981%29%20%26%23x2018%3BHydrothermal%20synthesis%20of%20nukundamite%20and%20its%20crystal%20structure%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Mineralogist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2066%2C%20pp.%20398%26%23x2013%3B402.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrothermal%20synthesis%20of%20nukundamite%20and%20its%20crystal%20structure%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sugaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shima%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kitakaze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mizota%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221981%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A34%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MIQUCSWR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Suhling%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESuhling%2C%20L.%20%281997%29%20%26%23x2018%3BKupfer-%20und%20Silberh%26%23xFC%3Btten%20in%20Buchillustrationen%20der%20fr%26%23xFC%3Bhen%20Neuzeit%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EBerichte%20der%20Geologischen%20Bundesanstalt%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2041%2C%20pp.%20219%26%23x2013%3B231.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Kupfer-%20und%20Silberh%5Cu00fctten%20in%20Buchillustrationen%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Neuzeit%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lothar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suhling%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A33%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DGKI7EUF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Telle%20and%20Th%5Cu00f6nni%5Cu00dfen%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETelle%2C%20R.%20and%20Th%26%23xF6%3Bnni%26%23xDF%3Ben%2C%20M.%20%282006%29%20%26%23x2018%3BPr%26%23xE4%3Bhistorische%20feuerfeste%20Werkstoffe%20und%20ihre%20Weiterentwicklung%20in%20keltischer%20und%20r%26%23xF6%3Bmischer%20Zeit%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EPr%26%23xE4%3Bhistorische%20feuerfeste%20Werkstoffe%20und%20ihre%20Weiterentwicklung%20in%20keltischer%20und%20r%26%23xF6%3Bmischer%20Zeit%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2043%282%29%2C%20pp.%2055%26%23x2013%3B87.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pr%5Cu00e4historische%20feuerfeste%20Werkstoffe%20und%20ihre%20Weiterentwicklung%20in%20keltischer%20und%20r%5Cu00f6mischer%20Zeit%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rainer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Telle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Th%5Cu00f6nni%5Cu00dfen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A33%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M7EWRSMR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thies%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThies%2C%20H.%20%281993%29%20%26%23x2018%3BGoslar%20und%20die%20fr%26%23xFC%3Bhen%20nieders%26%23xE4%3Bchsichen%20Geb%26%23xE4%3Bude%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EGoslar%20Bergstadt%20-%20Kaiserstadt%20in%20Geschichte%20und%20Kunst%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%2095%26%23x2013%3B113.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Goslar%20und%20die%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20nieders%5Cu00e4chsichen%20Geb%5Cu00e4ude%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harmen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thies%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Goslar%20Bergstadt%20-%20Kaiserstadt%20in%20Geschichte%20und%20Kunst%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A33%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2252VEN5A4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tholl%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETholl%2C%20S.%20%282001%29%20%26%23x2018%3BMacht%20und%20Pracht%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EDer%20Rammelsberg.%20Tausend%20Jahre%20Mensch%20%26%23x2013%3B%20Natur%20%26%23x2013%3B%20Technik.%20Band%202%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%20302%26%23x2013%3B315.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Macht%20und%20Pracht%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tholl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Der%20Rammelsberg.%20Tausend%20Jahre%20Mensch%20%5Cu2013%20Natur%20%5Cu2013%20Technik.%20Band%202%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A33%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EHWFFTXG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thornton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThornton%2C%20C.%2C%20Rehren%2C%20T.%20and%20Pigott%2C%20V.%20%282009%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20Production%20of%20Speiss%20%28Iron%20Arsenide%29%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age%20in%20Iran%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Archaeological%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2036%282%29%2C%20pp.%20308%26%23x2013%3B316.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Production%20of%20Speiss%20%28Iron%20Arsenide%29%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age%20in%20Iran%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thornton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thilo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rehren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pigott%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A33%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V2HRQMZK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thornton%20and%20Giardino%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThornton%2C%20C.%20P.%20and%20Giardino%2C%20C.%20%282012%29%20%26%23x2018%3BSerge%20Cleuziou%20and%20the%20%26%23x201C%3BTin%20Problem%26%23x201D%3B%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EAux%20Marges%20de%20l%26%23x2019%3Barcheologie%3A%20Hommage%20a%20Serge%20Cleuziou%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Paris%3A%20De%20Boccard%2C%20pp.%20253%26%23x2013%3B260.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Serge%20Cleuziou%20and%20the%20%27Tin%20Problem%27%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chrisoph%20Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thornton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Claudio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Giardino%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Aux%20Marges%20de%20l%27archeologie%3A%20Hommage%20a%20Serge%20Cleuziou%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A32%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ANUMU228%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thornton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThornton%2C%20C.%20%282009%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20Emergence%20of%20Complex%20Metallurgy%20on%20the%20Iranian%20Plateau%3A%20Escaping%20the%20Levantine%20Paradigm%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20World%20Prehistory%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2022%283%29%2C%20pp.%20301%26%23x2013%3B327.%20doi%3A%2010.1007%5C%2Fs10963-009-9019-1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Emergence%20of%20Complex%20Metallurgy%20on%20the%20Iranian%20Plateau%3A%20Escaping%20the%20Levantine%20Paradigm%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thornton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%20Models%20for%20the%20development%20of%20metallurgy%20in%20Southwest%20Asia%20have%20for%20a%20long%20time%20been%20focussed%20on%20research%20carried%20out%20in%20the%20lowland%20regions%20of%20the%20Levant%20and%20Mesopotamia.%20These%20models%20do%20not%20take%20into%20account%20the%20different%20developmental%20trajectories%20witnessed%20in%20the%20resource-rich%20highlands%20of%20Anatolia%2C%20the%20Caucasus%2C%20and%20Iran.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20the%20beginnings%20of%20the%20use%20and%20production%20of%20metals%20in%20Iran%20will%20be%20juxtaposed%20with%20a%20cursory%20overview%20of%20the%20lowland%20model%20%28the%20%5Cu2018Levantine%20Paradigm%5Cu2019%29%20in%20order%20to%20highlight%20these%20differences.%20By%20synthesizing%20data%20from%20a%20number%20of%20current%20research%20projects%20exploring%20the%20early%20metallurgy%20of%20the%20Iranian%20Plateau%2C%20this%20paper%20demonstrates%20how%20at%20least%20one%20of%20the%20highland%20regions%20of%20Southwest%20Asia%20was%20at%20the%20very%20forefront%20of%20technological%20innovation%20from%20the%20seventh%20through%20the%20second%20millennium%20BC.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10963-009-9019-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.doi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10963-009-9019-1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A32%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G2EKR4P6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thornton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThornton%2C%20C.%20P.%20%282007%29%20%26%23x2018%3BOf%20brass%20and%20bronze%20in%20prehistoric%20Southwest%20Asia%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EMetals%20and%20Mines.%20Studies%20in%20Archaeometallurgy%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%20123%26%23x2013%3B135.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Of%20brass%20and%20bronze%20in%20prehistoric%20Southwest%20Asia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thornton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Metals%20and%20Mines.%20Studies%20in%20Archaeometallurgy%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A32%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226BHB294B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Timberlake%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETimberlake%2C%20S.%20%282002%29%20%26%23x2018%3BMedieval%20lead%20smelting%20boles%20near%20Penguelan%2C%20Cwmystwyth%2C%20Ceredigion%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EArchaeology%20in%20Wales%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2042%2C%20pp.%2045%26%23x2013%3B59.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Medieval%20lead%20smelting%20boles%20near%20Penguelan%2C%20Cwmystwyth%2C%20Ceredigion%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Timberlake%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A32%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K8Z9P8RJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tong%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETong%2C%20K.-W.%20%281983%29%20%26%23x2018%3BShang%20musical%20instruments%20%28Teil%202%29%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EAsian%20Music%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2015%2C%20pp.%20103%26%23x2013%3B184.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Shang%20musical%20instruments%20%28Teil%202%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kin-Woon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tong%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221983%5C%2F84%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A32%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XNDV4HTD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Toulmin%20and%20Barton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221964-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EToulmin%2C%20P.%20and%20Barton%2C%20P.%20B.%20%281964%29%20%26%23x2018%3BA%20thermodynamic%20study%20of%20pyrite%20and%20pyrrhotite%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EGeochimica%20et%20Cosmochimica%20Acta%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2028%285%29%2C%20pp.%20641%26%23x2013%3B671.%20doi%3A%2010.1016%5C%2F0016-7037%2864%2990083-3.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20thermodynamic%20study%20of%20pyrite%20and%20pyrrhotite%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Toulmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%201964%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2F0016-7037%2864%2990083-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-7037%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FB6V66-48C8FV2-R%5C%2F2%5C%2F9c31a1d20677d979c2491a7f2007be65%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A32%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NEQIVK3N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tsemekhman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETsemekhman%2C%20L.%20S.%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%282002%29%20%26%23x2018%3BModeling%20of%20Thermodynamic%20Properties%20and%20Fusion%20Diagrams%20of%20Ternary%20Oxosulfide%20Systems%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3ERussian%20Journal%20of%20Applied%20Chemistry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2075%282%29%2C%20pp.%20186%26%23x2013%3B190.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Modeling%20of%20Thermodynamic%20Properties%20and%20Fusion%20Diagrams%20of%20Ternary%20Oxosulfide%20Systems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20Sh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tsemekhman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burylev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Golov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miroevskii%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Three%20different%20approximations%20are%20used%20to%20determine%20the%20thermodynamic%20properties%20of%20components%20and%20fusion%20diagrams%20of%20ternary%20oxosulfide%20systems%20FeS-FeO-Cu2S%20and%20FeS-FeO-Ni3S2.%20The%20coordinates%20of%20eutectic%20points%20and%20eutectic%20temperatures%20are%20obtained%2C%20and%20equations%20for%20calculating%20the%20thermodynamic%20activities%20of%20the%20components%20are%20derived%20for%20the%20system%20FeS-FeO-Cu2S.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A32%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RCEPPNS5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ullwer%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EUllwer%2C%20H.%20%282001%29%20%26%23x2018%3BMessingherstellung%20nach%20dem%20alten%20Galmeiverfahren%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EErzmetall%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2054%286%29%2C%20pp.%20319%26%23x2013%3B326.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Messingherstellung%20nach%20dem%20alten%20Galmeiverfahren%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Helmut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ullwer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GB8GSJCA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22%5Cu00dcnsal%20Yal%5Cu00e7in%20and%20H.%20G%5Cu00f6n%5Cu00fcl%20Yal%5Cu00e7in%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%26%23xDC%3Bnsal%20Yal%26%23xE7%3Bin%20and%20H.%20G%26%23xF6%3Bn%26%23xFC%3Bl%20Yal%26%23xE7%3Bin%20%282009%29%20%26%23x2018%3BEvidence%20for%20early%20use%20of%20tin%20at%20T%26%23xFC%3Blintepe%20in%20eastern%20Anatolia%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3ET%26%23xDC%3BBA-AR%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2012%2C%20pp.%20123%26%23x2013%3B142.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Evidence%20for%20early%20use%20of%20tin%20at%20T%5Cu00fclintepe%20in%20eastern%20Anatolia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%5Cu00dcnsal%20Yal%5Cu00e7in%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22H.%20G%5Cu00f6n%5Cu00fcl%20Yal%5Cu00e7in%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YAMUDVJD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ursula%20Mende%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221984%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EUrsula%20Mende%20%281984%29%20%26%23x2018%3BRomanische%20Giessl%26%23xF6%3Bwen%20in%20N%26%23xFC%3Brnberg%20und%20Wien%20und%20ihre%20Zuordnung%20zur%20Magdeburger%20Giessh%26%23xFC%3Btte%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EAnzeiger%20des%20Germanischen%20Nationalmuseums%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%207%26%23x2013%3B12.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Romanische%20Giessl%5Cu00f6wen%20in%20N%5Cu00fcrnberg%20und%20Wien%20und%20ihre%20Zuordnung%20zur%20Magdeburger%20Giessh%5Cu00fctte%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Ursula%20Mende%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221984%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228IIEFNDZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Valde-Nowak%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EValde-Nowak%2C%20P.%2C%20Klappauf%2C%20L.%20and%20Linke%2C%20F.%20A.%20%282004%29%20%26%23x2018%3BNeolithische%20Besiedlung%20der%20Gebirgslandschaften%3A%20Fallstudie%20Harz%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3ENachrichten%20aus%20Niedersachsens%20Urgeschichte%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2073%2C%20pp.%2043%26%23x2013%3B48.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Neolithische%20Besiedlung%20der%20Gebirgslandschaften%3A%20Fallstudie%20Harz%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Valde-Nowak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lothar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klappauf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Friedrich%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Linke%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2242GQSNMU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1lyi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EV%26%23xE1%3Blyi%2C%20K.%20%281999%29%20%26%23x2018%3BGlockengu%26%23xDF%3Banlage%20und%20Bronzeschmelz%26%23xF6%3Bfen%20im%20Hof%20des%20Klosters%20von%20Szer%20vom%20Anfang%20des%2013.%20Jahrhunderts%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EComunicationes%20archaeologicae%20Hungariae%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%20143--169.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Glockengu%5Cu00dfanlage%20und%20Bronzeschmelz%5Cu00f6fen%20im%20Hof%20des%20Klosters%20von%20Szer%20vom%20Anfang%20des%2013.%20Jahrhunderts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katalin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1lyi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M9AL2LL4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Verschiedene%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221400%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVerschiedene%20%281400%29%20%26%23x2018%3BSammelhandschrift%20zur%20Kriegskunst%26%23x2019%3B.%20Wien.%20Available%20at%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.onb.ac.at%5C%2Fsammlungen%5C%2Fhschrift%5C%2Fhandschriften_benuetzung.htm%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.onb.ac.at%5C%2Fsammlungen%5C%2Fhschrift%5C%2Fhandschriften_benuetzung.htm%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%28Accessed%3A%2025%20January%202018%29.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sammelhandschrift%20zur%20Kriegskunst%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Verschiedene%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22contributor%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Johannes%20Wienner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Anmerkungen%3A%20Titel%20fingiert.%20-%20Volldigitalisat.%20%2C%20Johannes%20Wienner%20%28um%201437%29%3A%20Schreiber%3B%20%5BUnterkircher%2C%20Datierte%20IV%2C%201976%5D.%2C%20Einband%3A%20Restaurierter%20Originaleinband%3A%20Rotes%20Leder%20mit%20Streicheisenlinien%20%28Rautenmuster%29%20%5Cu00fcber%20Holzdeckeln%2C%20Wien%20%3F%2C%2015.%20Jhdt.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221400%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.onb.ac.at%5C%2Fsammlungen%5C%2Fhschrift%5C%2Fhandschriften_benuetzung.htm%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2265Z6KSFD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wadsworth%20and%20Lesuer%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWadsworth%2C%20J.%20and%20Lesuer%2C%20D.%20J.%20%282000%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20knives%20of%20J.%20Richtig%20as%20featured%20in%20Ripley-Yens%20Believe%20it%20or%20Not%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EMaterials%20Characterization%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2045%2C%20pp.%20315%26%23x2013%3B326.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20knives%20of%20J.%20Richtig%20as%20featured%20in%20Ripley-Yens%20Believe%20it%20or%20Not%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wadsworth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Donald%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lesuer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WPIAXX6M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wagner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221980%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWagner%2C%20G.%20A.%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%281980%29%20%26%23x2018%3BEarly%20Bronze%20Age%20lead-silver%20mining%20and%20metallurgy%20in%20the%20Aegean%3A%20the%20ancient%20workings%20on%20Siphnos%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20Craddock%2C%20P.%20T.%20%28ed.%29%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Studies%20in%20Early%20Mining%20and%20Extractive%20Metallurgy%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20London%3A%20British%20Museum%2C%20pp.%2063%26%23x2013%3B80.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Early%20Bronze%20Age%20lead-silver%20mining%20and%20metallurgy%20in%20the%20Aegean%3A%20the%20ancient%20workings%20on%20Siphnos%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wagner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gentner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gropengiesser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Craddock%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Scientific%20Studies%20in%20Early%20Mining%20and%20Extractive%20Metallurgy%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221980%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A31%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223BA32HUA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wallbrecht%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221981-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWallbrecht%2C%20P.%20C.%2C%20Blachnik%2C%20R.%20and%20Mills%2C%20K.%20C.%20%281981%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20heat%20capacity%20and%20enthalpy%20of%20some%20Hume%26%23x2013%3BRothery%20phases%20formed%20by%20copper%2C%20silver%20and%20gold.%20Part%20I.%20Cu%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Ag%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Au%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Au%20%2B%20Bi%20systems%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EThermochimica%20Acta%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2045%282%29%2C%20pp.%20189%26%23x2013%3B198.%20doi%3A%2010.1016%5C%2F0040-6031%2881%2980143-8.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20heat%20capacity%20and%20enthalpy%20of%20some%20Hume%5Cu2013Rothery%20phases%20formed%20by%20copper%2C%20silver%20and%20gold.%20Part%20I.%20Cu%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Ag%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Au%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Au%20%2B%20Bi%20systems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wallbrecht%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roger%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blachnik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kennth%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mills%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20heat%20capacity%20and%20enthalpy%20between%20230%20and%20800%20K%20have%20been%20determined%20by%20differential%20scanning%20calorimetry%20for%20several%20alloy%20compositions%20in%20the%20Cu%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Ag%20%2B%20Sb%2C%20Au%20%2B%20Sb%20and%20Au%20%2B%20Bi%20systems.%20The%20following%20alloy%20compositions%20have%20been%20studied%3A%20Cu0.81Sb0.19%2C%20Cu0.67Sb0.33%2C%20Cu0.75Sb0.25%2C%20Cu0.715Sb0.285%2C%20Ag0.9Sb0.1%2C%20Ag0.77Sb0.23%2C%20Au0.34Sb0.66%20and%20Au0.67Bi0.33%2C%20and%20any%20transition%20data%20recorded%20have%20been%20used%20to%20provide%20phase%20diagram%20information.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%201981%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2F0040-6031%2881%2980143-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220040-6031%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FB6THV-44FF6HW-DF%5C%2F2%5C%2F438d336655dc3ca3b90905b2590323d2%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A30%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2237ZXKRVZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Walther%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221982%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWalther%2C%20H.%20%281982%29%20%26%23x2018%3BDie%20varistische%20Lagerst%26%23xE4%3Bttenbildung%20im%20westlichen%20Mitteleuropa%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EZeitschrift%20der%20Deustchen%20Gesellschaft%20f%26%23xFC%3Br%20Geowissenschaften%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20133%2C%20pp.%20667%26%23x2013%3B698.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20varistische%20Lagerst%5Cu00e4ttenbildung%20im%20westlichen%20Mitteleuropa%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hansjust%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Walther%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221982%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A30%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N3CAKDKI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Watkinson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWatkinson%2C%20D.%2C%20Weber%2C%20L.%20and%20Anheuser%2C%20K.%20%282005%29%20%26%23x2018%3BStaining%20of%20archaeological%20glass%20form%20manganese-rich%20environments%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EArchaeometry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2047%281%29%2C%20pp.%2069%26%23x2013%3B82.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Staining%20of%20archaeological%20glass%20form%20manganese-rich%20environments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watkinson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anheuser%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A30%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228EQVNNQG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wattenbach%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221877%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWattenbach%2C%20W.%20%281877%29%20%26%23x2018%3BEkkehart%20%28Chronist%29%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20%3Ci%3EAllgemeine%20Deutsche%20Biographie%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Leipzig%3A%20Duncker%20%26amp%3B%20Humblot%20%28Allgemeine%20Deutsche%20Biographie%29%2C%20pp.%20793%26%23x2013%3B794.%20Available%20at%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmdz10.bib-bvb.de%5C%2F%20db%5C%2Fbsb00008363%5C%2Fimages%5C%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D795%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmdz10.bib-bvb.de%5C%2F%20db%5C%2Fbsb00008363%5C%2Fimages%5C%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D795%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ekkehart%20%28Chronist%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wilhelm%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wattenbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Allgemeine%20Deutsche%20Biographie%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221877%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmdz10.bib-bvb.de%5C%2F%20db%5C%2Fbsb00008363%5C%2Fimages%5C%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D795%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A30%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E42RXVRP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wedepohl%20and%20Baumann%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWedepohl%2C%20K.%20H.%20and%20Baumann%2C%20A.%20%281997%29%20%26%23x2018%3BIsotope%20composition%20of%20medieval%20lead%20glasses%20reflecting%20early%20silver%20production%20in%20Central%20Europe%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EMineralium%20Deposita%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2032%2C%20pp.%20292%26%23x2013%3B295.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Isotope%20composition%20of%20medieval%20lead%20glasses%20reflecting%20early%20silver%20production%20in%20Central%20Europe%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wedepohl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baumann%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A30%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HNBF6T46%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wedepohl%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221978-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWedepohl%2C%20K.%20H.%2C%20Delevaux%2C%20M.%20H.%20and%20Doe%2C%20B.%20R.%20%281978%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20potential%20source%20of%20lead%20in%20the%20Permian%20Kupferschiefer%20bed%20of%20Europe%20and%20some%20selected%20Paleozoic%20mineral%20deposits%20in%20the%20Federal%20Republic%20of%20Germany%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EContributions%20to%20Mineralogy%20and%20Petrology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2065%283%29%2C%20pp.%20273%26%23x2013%3B281.%20doi%3A%2010.1007%5C%2FBF00375513.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20potential%20source%20of%20lead%20in%20the%20Permian%20Kupferschiefer%20bed%20of%20Europe%20and%20some%20selected%20Paleozoic%20mineral%20deposits%20in%20the%20Federal%20Republic%20of%20Germany%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wedepohl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maryse%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Delevaux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bruce%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doe%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22New%20lead%20isotopic%20compositions%20have%20been%20measured%20for%20Paleozoic%20bedded%20and%20vein%20ore%20deposits%20of%20Europe%20by%20the%20high%20precision%20thermal%20emission%20%28triple%20filament%29%20technique.%20Eleven%20samples%20have%20been%20analyzed%20from%20the%20Upper%20Permian%20Kupferschiefer%20bed%20with%20representatives%20from%20Poland%20to%20England%2C%20three%20samples%20from%20the%20Middle%20Devonian%20Rammelsberg%20deposit%20and%20one%20from%20the%20Middle%20Devonian%20Meggen%20deposit%2C%20both%20of%20which%20are%20conformable%20ore%20lenses%20and%20are%20in%20the%20Federal%20Republic%20of%20Germany%20%28FRG%29%3B%20and%20also%20two%20vein%20deposits%20from%20the%20FRG%20were%20analyzed%2C%20from%20Ramsbeck%20in%20Devonian%20host%20rocks%20and%20from%20Grund%20in%20Carboniferous%20host%20rocks.%20For%20Kupferschiefer%20bed%20samples%20from%20Germany%2C%20the%20mineralization%20is%20of%20variable%20lead%20isotopic%20composition%20and%20appears%20to%20have%20been%20derived%20about%20250%20m.y.%20ago%20from%201700%20m.y.%20old%20sources%2C%20or%20detritus%20of%20this%20age%2C%20in%20Paleozoic%20sedimentary%20rocks.%20Samples%20from%20England%2C%20Holland%2C%20and%20Poland%20have%20different%20isotopic%20characteristics%20from%20the%20German%20samples%2C%20indicative%20of%20significantly%20different%20source%20material%20%28perhaps%20older%29.%20The%20isotopic%20variability%20of%20the%20samples%20from%20the%20Kupferschiefer%20bed%20in%20Germany%20probably%20favors%20the%20lead%20containing%20waters%20coming%20from%20shoreward%20%28where%20poor%20mixing%20is%20to%20be%20expected%29%20rather%20than%20basinward%20%28where%20better%20mixing%20is%20likely%29%20directions.%20The%20data%20thus%20support%20the%20interpretation%20of%20the%20metal%20source%20already%20given%20by%20Wedepohl%20in%201964.%20Data%20on%20samples%20from%20Rammelsberg%20and%20Meggen%20tend%20to%20be%20slightly%20less%20radiogenic%20than%20for%20the%20Kupferschiefer%2C%20about%20the%20amount%20expected%20if%20the%20leads%20were%20all%20derived%20from%20the%20same%20source%20material%20but%20100%20to%20150%20m.y.%20apart%20in%20time.%20The%20vein%20galena%20from%20Ramsbeck%20is%20similar%20to%20that%20from%20Rammelsberg%20conformable%20ore%20lenses%2C%20both%20in%20rocks%20of%20Devonian%20age%3B%20vein%20galena%20from%20Grund%20in%20Upper%20Carboniferous%20country%20rocks%20is%20similar%20to%20some%20bedded%20Kupferschiefer%20mineralization%20in%20Permian%20rocks%2C%20as%20if%20the%20lead%20composition%20was%20formed%20at%20about%20the%20same%20time%20and%20from%20similar%20source%20material%20as%20the%20bedded%20deposits.%20Although%20heat%20has%20played%20a%20more%20significant%20role%20in%20the%20formation%20of%20some%20of%20these%20deposits%20%28veins%20and%20Rammelsberg-Meggen%29%20than%20in%20others%20%28Kupferschiefer%29%2C%20there%20is%20no%20indication%20of%20radically%20different%20sources%20for%20the%20lead%2C%20all%20apparently%20coming%20from%20sedimentary%20source%20material%20containing%20Precambrian%20detritus.%20One%20feldspar%20lead%20sample%20from%20the%20Brocken-Oker%20Granite%20is%20not%20the%20same%20in%20isotopic%20composition%20as%20any%20of%20the%20ores%20analyzed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%201978%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2FBF00375513%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A30%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229657RCIG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Weeks%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWeeks%2C%20L.%20R.%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%282009%29%20%26%23x2018%3BLead%20isotope%20analyses%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20copper-base%20artefacts%20from%20al-Midamman%2C%20Yemen%3A%20towards%20the%20identification%20of%20an%20indigenous%20metal%20production%20and%20exchange%20system%20in%20the%20southern%20Red%20Sea%20region%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EArchaeometry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2051%284%29%2C%20pp.%20576%26%23x2013%3B597.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Lead%20isotope%20analyses%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20copper-base%20artefacts%20from%20al-Midamman%2C%20Yemen%3A%20towards%20the%20identification%20of%20an%20indigenous%20metal%20production%20and%20exchange%20system%20in%20the%20southern%20Red%20Sea%20region%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lloyd%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weeks%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pashley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stock%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A29%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P2WW876R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Weisgerber%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWeisgerber%2C%20G.%20%282006%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20mineral%20wealth%20of%20ancient%20Arabia%20and%20its%20use%20I%3A%20Copper%20mining%20and%20smelting%20at%20Feinan%20and%20Timna%20%26%23x2013%3B%20comparison%20and%20evaluation%20of%20techniques%2C%20production%2C%20and%20strategies%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EArabian%20archaeology%20and%20epigraphy%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2017%2C%20pp.%201%26%23x2013%3B30.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20mineral%20wealth%20of%20ancient%20Arabia%20and%20its%20use%20I%3A%20Copper%20mining%20and%20smelting%20at%20Feinan%20and%20Timna%20%5Cu2013%20comparison%20and%20evaluation%20of%20techniques%2C%20production%2C%20and%20strategies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weisgerber%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A29%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22R3ICK667%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Whitney%20and%20Evans%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWhitney%2C%20D.%20L.%20and%20Evans%2C%20B.%20W.%20%282010%29%20%26%23x2018%3BAbbreviations%20for%20names%20of%20rock-forming%20minerals%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Mineralogist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2095%2C%20p.%20185187.%20Available%20at%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.minsocam.org%5C%2FMSA%5C%2FAmMin%5C%2FTOC%5C%2FAbstracts%5C%2F2010_Abstracts%5C%2FJan10_Abstracts%5C%2FWhitney_p185_10.pdf%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.minsocam.org%5C%2FMSA%5C%2FAmMin%5C%2FTOC%5C%2FAbstracts%5C%2F2010_Abstracts%5C%2FJan10_Abstracts%5C%2FWhitney_p185_10.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Abbreviations%20for%20names%20of%20rock-forming%20minerals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whitney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.minsocam.org%5C%2FMSA%5C%2FAmMin%5C%2FTOC%5C%2FAbstracts%5C%2F2010_Abstracts%5C%2FJan10_Abstracts%5C%2FWhitney_p185_10.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A28%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UHW6RB7K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wertime%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221978%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWertime%2C%20T.%20A.%20%281978%29%20%26%23x2018%3BThe%20search%20for%20ancient%20tin%3A%20the%20geographic%20and%20historic%20boundaries%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20in%20Franklin%2C%20A.%20D.%2C%20Olin%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20and%20Wertime%2C%20T.%20A.%20%28eds%29%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Search%20for%20Ancient%20Tin%3A%20A%20Seminar%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Smithsonian%20Institution%20Press%2C%20pp.%201%26%23x2013%3B6.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20search%20for%20ancient%20tin%3A%20the%20geographic%20and%20historic%20boundaries%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alan%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Franklin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jacqueline%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Theodore%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wertime%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Theodore%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wertime%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22The%20Search%20for%20Ancient%20Tin%3A%20A%20Seminar%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221978%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-87474-703-4%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RI8HAJ3J%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A28%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KK2SUK2Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1698736%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wilfried%20Tittmann%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWilfried%20Tittmann%20%281993%29%20%26%23x2018%3BDie%20Gesch%26%23xFC%3Btzdarstellung%20des%20Walter%20de%20Mil%26%23xE8%3B%26%23x1E3F%3Bete%20von%201326%5C%2F7%26%23x2019%3B%2C%20%3Ci%3EWaffen-%20und%20Kost%26%23xFC%3Bmkunde%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2036%2C%20pp.%20145%26%23x2013%3B147.%20Available%20at%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%5C%2Ftechnikhist%5C%2Ftittmann%5C%2F6%2520Geschuetzdarstellungen.pdf%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%5C%2Ftechnikhist%5C%2Ftittmann%5C%2F6%2520Geschuetzdarstellungen.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20Gesch%5Cu00fctzdarstellung%20des%20Walter%20de%20Mil%5Cu00e8%5Cu1e3fete%20von%201326%5C%2F7%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Wilfried%20Tittmann%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%5C%2Ftechnikhist%5C%2Ftittmann%5C%2F6%2520Geschuetzdarstellungen.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-05-08T07%3A28%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Stephan Möslein (2008) ‘Frühbronzezeitliche Depotfunde im Alpenvorland – neue Befunde’, in. Vorträge des 26. NIederbayerischen Archäologentages, Deggendorf, Rahden/Westfalen, pp. 109–130.
J.J. Butler (2002) ‘Ingots and Insights: Reflections on Rings and Ribs’, in Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der alten Welt =: The beginnings of metallurgy in the old world. Rahden, Westf: Verlag Marie Leidorf (Forschungen zur Archäometrie und Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. 1), pp. 229–243.
‘Ingots and Insights: Reflections on RIngs and Ribs’ (no date) in, pp. 229–243.
Dines, I. (2010) ‘The Theophilus Manuscript Tradition Reconsidered in the Light of New Manuscript Discoveries’, in Mauiège, M. and Westerman-Angerhausen, H. (eds) Zwischen Kunsthandwerk und Kunst: Die Schedula diversarum artium. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter, pp. 3–14.
Rossi, J.-B. de (1890) ‘Cloche, avec inscription dédicatoire, du VIIIe ou IXe siècle, trouvée à Canino’,
Revue de l’art chrétien, (33), pp. 1–5. Available at:
https://archive.org/details/revuedelartchr1890lill.
Drescher, H. (1961) ‘Zwei mittelalterliche Gießereien auf dem Gelände des ehemaligen Hamburger Doms’, Hammaburg, A. F. 8, pp. 107–132.
Drescher, H. (1968) ‘Mittelalterliche Bronzegrapen aus Lübeck’, Der Wagen. Ein lübeckisches Jahrbuch, pp. 164–171.
Drescher, H. (1982) ‘Zu den bronzenen Grapen des 12.-16. Jahrhunderts aus Nordwestdeuschland’, in Pohl-Weber, R. (ed.) Aus dem Alltag der Mittelalterlichen Stadt. Handbuch zur Sonderausstellung. Bremen, pp. 157–174.
Drescher, H. (1986) ‘Zum Guss von Bronze, Messing und Zinn “um 1200”’, Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters, Beiheft 4, pp. 389–405.
Drescher, H. (1987) ‘Ergänzende Bemerkungen zum Giessereifund von Bonn-Schwarzrheindorf’, in Janssen, W. (ed.) Eine mittelalterliche Metallgießerei in Bonn-Schwarzrheindorf. (Rheinische Ausgrabungen), pp. 201–227.
Drescher, H. (1992) ‘Glocken und Glockenguss im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert’, in Waurick, G. and Böhme, H. W. (eds) Das Reich der Salier 1024 - 1125 : Katalog zur Ausstellung des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz; [Ausstellung im Historischen Museum der Pfalz, Speyer, vom 23. März bis 21. Juni 1992]. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke (Publikationen zur Ausstellung ‘Die Salier und Ihr Reich’ / Ausstellung Das Reich der Salier 1024 - 1125, 1992 Speyer), pp. 405–414.
Drescher, H. (1993) ‘Ein Kommentar zu: Gerhard Laub, Zum Nachweis von Rammelsberger Kupfer in Kunstgegenständen aus Goslar und in anderen Metallarbeiten des Mittelalters’, in Goslar Bergstadt - Kaiserstadt in Geschichte und Kunst, pp. 313–316.
Drescher, H. (1993) ‘Zur Herstellungstechnik mittelalterlicher Bronzen aus Goslar. Der Marktbrunnen, der neu gefundene Bronze Vogel, der Greif vom Kaiserhaus und der Kaiserstuhl’, in Goslar Bergstadt - Kaiserstadt in Geschichte und Kunst. Göttingen, pp. 251–301.
Drescher, H. (1993) ‘Zur Technik berwardinischer Silber- und Bronzegüsse’, in Bernward von Hildesheim und das Zeitalter der Ottonen: Katalog der Ausstellung, Hildesheim 1993. Band 1, pp. 337–351.
Drescher, H. (1995) ‘Gießformen früher Glocken aus Mainz’, Mainzer Zeitschrift, 90/91, pp. 183–225.
Drescher, H. (1999) ‘Die Glocken der karolingerzeitlichen Stiftdkirche bei Vreden, Kreis Ahaus’, in Stiegemann, C. and Wemhoff, M. (eds) 799, Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit: Karl der Grosse und Papst Leo III. in Paderborn: Katalog der Ausstellung, Paderborn 1999. Mainz: P. von Zabern, pp. 356–364.
Janssen, W. (1987) ‘Eine mittelalterliche Metallgießerei in Bonn- Schwarzrheindorf. Mit Beiträgen von Hans Drescher, Christoph J. Raub und Josef Riederer.’, in Beiträge zur Archäologie des Rheinlandes. Rheinische Ausgrabungen. Köln, pp. 135–235.
Haiduck, H. (1997) ‘Die mittelalterliche Gussform eines Taufkessels aus der Kirche von Cappel (Kreis Cuxhaven)’, Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters, 25/26, pp. 87–105.
Sugaki, A. et al. (1981) ‘Hydrothermal synthesis of nukundamite and its crystal structure’, American Mineralogist, 66, pp. 398–402.
Suhling, L. (1997) ‘Kupfer- und Silberhütten in Buchillustrationen der frühen Neuzeit’, Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 41, pp. 219–231.
Telle, R. and Thönnißen, M. (2006) ‘Prähistorische feuerfeste Werkstoffe und ihre Weiterentwicklung in keltischer und römischer Zeit’, Prähistorische feuerfeste Werkstoffe und ihre Weiterentwicklung in keltischer und römischer Zeit, 43(2), pp. 55–87.
Thies, H. (1993) ‘Goslar und die frühen niedersächsichen Gebäude’, in Goslar Bergstadt - Kaiserstadt in Geschichte und Kunst, pp. 95–113.
Tholl, S. (2001) ‘Macht und Pracht’, in Der Rammelsberg. Tausend Jahre Mensch – Natur – Technik. Band 2, pp. 302–315.
Thornton, C., Rehren, T. and Pigott, V. (2009) ‘The Production of Speiss (Iron Arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(2), pp. 308–316.
Thornton, C. P. and Giardino, C. (2012) ‘Serge Cleuziou and the “Tin Problem”’, in Aux Marges de l’archeologie: Hommage a Serge Cleuziou. Paris: De Boccard, pp. 253–260.
Thornton, C. (2009) ‘The Emergence of Complex Metallurgy on the Iranian Plateau: Escaping the Levantine Paradigm’, Journal of World Prehistory, 22(3), pp. 301–327. doi: 10.1007/s10963-009-9019-1.
Thornton, C. P. (2007) ‘Of brass and bronze in prehistoric Southwest Asia’, in Metals and Mines. Studies in Archaeometallurgy, pp. 123–135.
Timberlake, S. (2002) ‘Medieval lead smelting boles near Penguelan, Cwmystwyth, Ceredigion’, Archaeology in Wales, 42, pp. 45–59.
Tong, K.-W. (1983) ‘Shang musical instruments (Teil 2)’, Asian Music, 15, pp. 103–184.
Toulmin, P. and Barton, P. B. (1964) ‘A thermodynamic study of pyrite and pyrrhotite’, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28(5), pp. 641–671. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(64)90083-3.
Tsemekhman, L. S. et al. (2002) ‘Modeling of Thermodynamic Properties and Fusion Diagrams of Ternary Oxosulfide Systems’, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 75(2), pp. 186–190.
Ullwer, H. (2001) ‘Messingherstellung nach dem alten Galmeiverfahren’, Erzmetall, 54(6), pp. 319–326.
Ünsal Yalçin and H. Gönül Yalçin (2009) ‘Evidence for early use of tin at Tülintepe in eastern Anatolia’, TÜBA-AR, 12, pp. 123–142.
Ursula Mende (1984) ‘Romanische Giesslöwen in Nürnberg und Wien und ihre Zuordnung zur Magdeburger Giesshütte’, Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, pp. 7–12.
Valde-Nowak, P., Klappauf, L. and Linke, F. A. (2004) ‘Neolithische Besiedlung der Gebirgslandschaften: Fallstudie Harz’, Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte, 73, pp. 43–48.
Vályi, K. (1999) ‘Glockengußanlage und Bronzeschmelzöfen im Hof des Klosters von Szer vom Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts’, Comunicationes archaeologicae Hungariae, pp. 143--169.
Verschiedene (1400) ‘Sammelhandschrift zur Kriegskunst’. Wien. Available at:
http://www.onb.ac.at/sammlungen/hschrift/handschriften_benuetzung.htm (Accessed: 25 January 2018).
Wadsworth, J. and Lesuer, D. J. (2000) ‘The knives of J. Richtig as featured in Ripley-Yens Believe it or Not’, Materials Characterization, 45, pp. 315–326.
Wagner, G. A. et al. (1980) ‘Early Bronze Age lead-silver mining and metallurgy in the Aegean: the ancient workings on Siphnos’, in Craddock, P. T. (ed.) Scientific Studies in Early Mining and Extractive Metallurgy. London: British Museum, pp. 63–80.
Wallbrecht, P. C., Blachnik, R. and Mills, K. C. (1981) ‘The heat capacity and enthalpy of some Hume–Rothery phases formed by copper, silver and gold. Part I. Cu + Sb, Ag + Sb, Au + Sb, Au + Bi systems’, Thermochimica Acta, 45(2), pp. 189–198. doi: 10.1016/0040-6031(81)80143-8.
Walther, H. (1982) ‘Die varistische Lagerstättenbildung im westlichen Mitteleuropa’, Zeitschrift der Deustchen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 133, pp. 667–698.
Watkinson, D., Weber, L. and Anheuser, K. (2005) ‘Staining of archaeological glass form manganese-rich environments’, Archaeometry, 47(1), pp. 69–82.
Wattenbach, W. (1877) ‘Ekkehart (Chronist)’, in
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie), pp. 793–794. Available at:
http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/ db/bsb00008363/images/index.html?seite=795.
Wedepohl, K. H. and Baumann, A. (1997) ‘Isotope composition of medieval lead glasses reflecting early silver production in Central Europe’, Mineralium Deposita, 32, pp. 292–295.
Wedepohl, K. H., Delevaux, M. H. and Doe, B. R. (1978) ‘The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany’, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 65(3), pp. 273–281. doi: 10.1007/BF00375513.
Weeks, L. R. et al. (2009) ‘Lead isotope analyses of Bronze Age copper-base artefacts from al-Midamman, Yemen: towards the identification of an indigenous metal production and exchange system in the southern Red Sea region’, Archaeometry, 51(4), pp. 576–597.
Weisgerber, G. (2006) ‘The mineral wealth of ancient Arabia and its use I: Copper mining and smelting at Feinan and Timna – comparison and evaluation of techniques, production, and strategies’, Arabian archaeology and epigraphy, 17, pp. 1–30.
Whitney, D. L. and Evans, B. W. (2010) ‘Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals’,
American Mineralogist, 95, p. 185187. Available at:
http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/TOC/Abstracts/2010_Abstracts/Jan10_Abstracts/Whitney_p185_10.pdf.
Wertime, T. A. (1978) ‘The search for ancient tin: the geographic and historic boundaries’, in Franklin, A. D., Olin, J. S., and Wertime, T. A. (eds) The Search for Ancient Tin: A Seminar. Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 1–6.
Wilfried Tittmann (1993) ‘Die Geschützdarstellung des Walter de Milèḿete von 1326/7’,
Waffen- und Kostümkunde, 36, pp. 145–147. Available at:
http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/technikhist/tittmann/6%20Geschuetzdarstellungen.pdf.
Februar 10th, 2017 at 21:57
Hallo, wurde die Altersbestimmung der Kupferfunde in Plocnik/Serbien mittels der Radiokarbonmethode vorgenommen in London? Vielen Dank für eine kurze Information und evtl. weiterführende Verlinkung.
Februar 13th, 2017 at 09:42
Hallo Miriam,
die Radiokarbonmethode wurde NICHT in London durchgeführt. Dort gibt es die Möglichkeit nicht. Lies den Artikel von Radivojevic et al 2010. Da steht alles drin. Ich habe die Literaturliste erneuert, die aus irgend einem Grund defekt war.
Bastian
März 6th, 2014 at 19:07
[…] such as for example medieval brass production by the ancient calamine process in Belgium or experiments on the first copper production of the world in […]
März 6th, 2014 at 14:14
[…] wie etwa Versuche zum Messingherstellungsprozess nach dem Galmeiverfahren in Belgien oder Versuche zur frühesten Kupfermetallurgie der Welt in […]