Deutlich sieht man hier beim Schmelzen des Messings die starke Rauchentwicklung. Dieses Aerosol ist in erster Linie feinstverteiltes Zinkoxid. Einatmen führt zu Zinkfieber.
Photograph: 2011 Nicolas Méreau © SPW D.Pat / INRAP
Zinkfieber, früher auch Gieß- oder Schmelzfieber, heute Metalldampffieber ist eine akute Vergiftungserscheinung. Sie wird durch Einatmen von Verbrennungsgasen, während des Schmelzens vorwiegend zinkhaltiger Materialien verursacht.
Im Tiegel befindet sich geschmolzenes Messing aus dem Zementationsverfahren. Trotz Holzkohlenauflage verbrennt das Zink zu Zinkoxid unter Bildung einer grellen Flamme. Grüne Flammenspitzen zeigen an, dass auch ein wenig Kupfer mit verbrannt wird.
Photograph: 2011 Nicolas Méreau © SPW D.Pat / INRAP
Zink hat im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Metallen einen sehr niedrigen Siedepunkt. Bei 907 °C verdampft es; da Zink ein unedles Metall ist, verbrennt es sofort zu Zinkoxid. Dabei sieht man die wunderschönen Flammenfarben, die von weiß über pink nach bläulich reichen können. Es bildest sich ein dichter, beißender weißer Nebel: Das entstandene Zinkoxid schlägt sich außerdem als weißer bis gelber puderiger bis flockiger Überzug an der Ofeninnenwand, dem Tiegel und den Werkzeugen nieder. Bei Verbrennung von größeren Mengen bilden sich neben dem weißen Nebel auch Flocken, die an Schneeflocken erinnern.
Über Jahrhunderte kam es in Gelbgießereien zu Fällen von Zinkfieber. In den 1770er Jahren war die Erscheinung so bekannt, dass diese Eingang in die Oekonomische Enzyklopädie von Johann Georg fand:
Wenn die Gelbgießer den Tag über mit dem Schmelzen und Gießen des Messinges beschäftigt gewesen: so empfinden sie, nach geendigter Arbeit, insgemein eine große Mattigkeit in allen Gliedern. Die Brust wird beklemmt, der Athem kurz, das Herz fängt stark zu schlagen an, und der Puls wird ungemein schwach. Hierauf stellen sich nicht nur gewaltige Kopfschmerzen und Reißen in allen Gliedern ein, sondern sie bemerken auch einen Schauer und Frost, wie bey einem starken Anfalle eines kalten Fiebers. Diese Zufälle nehmen endlich dermaßen überhand, daß solche Personen nicht selten genöthiget werden, sich in das Bette zu verfügen, wobey sich eine Unruhe einfindet, oder doch wenigstens der Schlaf mit ängstlichen Vorstellungen begleitet wird. Alles dieses vermehrt sich bis zu der sechsten oder achten Stunde, nach dem ersten Anfalle dieser Krankheit, worauf ein gelinder Schweiß diesen Zufällen ein Ende machet, und zwar dergestalt, daß man am folgenden Tage nicht das geringste Merkmahl hiervon spühret, und solche Personen ihre Arbeit ungehindert fortsetzen können; ja, enige befinden sich nach diesen fieberhaften Anfällen, viel munterer und aufgeräumter, als vor denselben.
In der Luft fein verteiltes Zinkoxid ist verursacht beim Einatmen Zinkfieber. Es schlägt sich aber als weißes bis gelbes Puder auch auf allen verwendeten Werkzeugen nieder. Dieses Material ist auch unter dem Namen Ofengalmei bekannt, und kann ab einer gewissen Menge zu Zink reduziert werden.
Photograph: 2011 Nicolas Méreau © SPW D.Pat / INRAP
Der Eintrag beschreibt sie Symptome genau: Während des Einatmens der Verbrennungsgase kommt es zu einer starken Reizung der Atemwege, die sich u.U. durch Atemnot bemerkbar machen kann. Weitere Symptome der Vergiftung sind grippeähnliche Zustände mit Schüttelfrost, Fieber und allgemeinem starken Unwohlsein.
Eine gut belüftete Werkstatt reicht normalerweise nicht aus. Es ist dringend empfohlen adäquate Schutzausrüstung zu verwenden. Atemschutz sollte auf jeden Fall getragen werden.
Literatur
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Links
Da mich immer wieder Anfragen wegen akuter Zinkoxidexposition erreichen, kann ich nur empfehlen sich bei der Berufsgenossenschaft oder einem Arzt zu erkundigen. Hier ist ein Merkblatt der Deutschen gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung zum Thema Zinkexposition in der Metallbranche.