Vom Fundplatz Pločnik in Sebien kommen erneut Nachrichten für einen Superlativ: Dieses Mal hat das Team des Rise of Metallurgy Projekts Nachweise für die älteste bekannte Zinnbronze gefunden. Das Fundstück, ein dünnes Bronzeblechfragment ist mindestens 6500 Jahre alt und besteht aus einer Kupfer-Zinn Legierung mit 11 Gew% Zinn, sowie einer Reihe von Nebenelementen . Archäologen nennen Kupferlegierungen mit Zink Messing, alle anderen werden als Bronze bezeichnet. Um klarzustellen, dass es sich um Bronze im Sinne der Definition handelt wird Bronze in archäologischen Texten oft als Zinnbronze bezeichnet. Legierungen mit Arsen werden im übrigen am besten Arsenkupfer genannt.
Radivojević und Kollegen vertreten die These dass die chemische Zusammensetzung des Funds auf Erze zurückzuführen ist, die neben den üblicherweise in Pločnik und anderen Vinča Fundplätzen verwendeten Malachit , Stannit ein Kupfer-Eisen-Zinn Sulphid (Cu2FeSnS4) beinhaltet haben könnten. Die Idee dass Stannit eine bedeutendere Rolle in der Geschichte der Metallurgie spielen könne, wurde bereits 1978 von , sowie von postuliert, deren Verwendung konnte aber bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden. Auch können keinen direkten Nachweis erbringen, dass dies geschehen ist. Ihrer Argumentationsweise kann man jedoch folgen, so dass es durchaus wahrscheinlich ist dass Stannit als Bestandteil der Kupfererze mit verhüttet wurde. Obwohl zur Untermauerung dieser These Analysewerte von einem guten Dutzend anderer Fundgegenstände präsentiert werden, muss doch darauf hingewiesen werden, dass das Blech die einzige solide Datierung ins 5. Jahrtausend vor Christus besitzt. Die weiteren Funde weisen lediglich chemische Ähnlichkeiten auf und können lediglich als chalkolithisch angesprochen werden.
Dass die Menschen der Vinča Kultur Erfahrung im Umgang mit Erzen hatte, beweisen die verschiedenen Malachitsorten, die je nach Reinheit entweder zu Schmuckperlen verarbeitet, oder zu Metall reduziert wurden. Die reineren Malachite wurden für die Perlenherstellung verwendet. Der Malachit der zur Verhüttung verwendet wurde, besaß größere Mengen an Manganoxiden, die auch makroskopisch deutlich sichtbar sind, und zur Beeinträchtigung der Schmuckqualität beitrugen. Diese Mangangehalte finden sich auch in der silikatischen Schlacke wieder .
Wirklich erstaunlich ist, dass sich im 5. Jahrtausend vor Christus auf dem Balkan eine eigenständige, sehr komplexe Bronzemetallurgie entwickelte, die jedoch nach dem Verschwinden der Vinča und Varna Kulturen keine Spuren in der Metallurgie der Region hinterließ. Nach der jetzigen Fundlage scheint die Zinnbronze für mindestens eineinhalb Jahrtausende von der archäologischen Bildfläche zu verschwinden.
Literatur
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harvard1
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