Das fast fertige Wachsmodell einer Bienenkorbglocke. Darunter ist noch der Kern der Glockengussform erkennbar. Die umlaufende Nut verbessert den Halt des äußeren Formlehmmantels
Auf dem Campus Galli führe ich einen archäometallurgischen Versuch durch: Es soll eine karolingische Bienenkorbglocke mit der Technik des 9. Jahrhunderts zu gegossen werden. Dies ist bereits der dritte Teil meines Erfahrungsberichts…
Der Aufbau des Wachsmodells für den Glockenguss
Wie ist das Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke entstanden? Begonnen habe ich mit dem Kern, den ich im Juni hergestellt hatte, und der nun 10 Wochen Zeit hatte zu trocknen. Nach dem Aufbau der Drehspindel, wurde zunächst das Bienenwachs erwärmt und zu gleichmäßig starken Platten ausgerollt. Hierzu habe ich mir nach Theophilus Anweisungen aus einem Holzbrett, einem runden Holz und zwei Leisten ein Werkzeug gemacht , das es mir erlaubt gleichmäßig starke Platten aus zu rollen:
Nicht in seinem Kapitel zum Glockenguss, sondern im Kapitel zur Herstellung des gegossenen Rauchfasses erteilt Theophilus Anweisungen, wie man sich ein Werkzeug zum Ausrollen gleichmäßig starker Wachsplatten macht.
Abschneiden der ungeraden Wachs-ränder. Die Platten des Wachsmodells für den Glockenguss lassen sich dann schöner aneinander fügen.
Rechts zu sehen sind die einzelnen Wachsplatten aus denen das Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke modelliert wird.
Im Falle unserer Bienenkorbglocke sind dies gut 6,5 mm starke Leisten, so dass die Wandstärke der Glocke nach dem Modellieren etwas unter 6 mm betragen wird. Die ausgerollten Platten wurden im noch warmen Zustand auf den Lehmkern aufgebracht und ordentlich angedrückt. Erstaunlich sind hierbei zwei Dinge. Erstens, lässt sich das am Feuer aufgewärmte Wachs sehr gut dünner walzen, und zweitens haftet das warme Wachs mühelos am trockenen Lehmkern. Schneidet man die Kanten des gewalzten Wachses gerade, lassen sich die Platten mühelos miteinander verbinden. Mit einem heißen Eisen wurden die Nähte verschweißt. Das Werkzeug das hierbei zur Anwendung kam wurde von Johannes dem Campus Galli Schmied angefertigt und erledigte seine Aufgabe in hervorragender Weise.
Zweierlei Techniken wurden zum Glätten des Wachses eingesetzt:
1. Das Abdrehen mit der scharfen Kante, ganz so wie beim Drechseln.
2. Das Glätten oder Bügeln mit einem heißen Eisen.
Abdrehen der Nähte am Wachsmodell der Bienenkorbglocke.
Detailaufnahme des Abdrehens des Wachsmodells.
Die Wachsbearbeitung mit dem „Bügeleisen“ funktioniert sehr gut.
Detailaufnahme: Das „Bügeleisen“ zum Glätten des Wachsmodells.
Das Abdrehen des Wachses funktioniert sehr gut. Das kalte Wachs lässt sich wunderbar drechseln. Vor allem die Nähte, die in der Regel etwas überstehe, lassen sich auf diese Weise entfernen. Vorsicht ist aber dennoch geboten, das Abdrehen die Wandstärke der Glocke vermindert. Mit der zweiten Technik, dem „Bügeln“ mit dem heißen Eisen, lässt sich die Oberfläche glätten, ohne dass nennenswerte Verluste der Wandstärke auftreten. Neben dem Glockenkörper wurde auch der Schlagring aus Wachs modelliert. Hierzu wurden mehrere Streifen Wachs aufgelegt und die Stufen mit weichem Wachs gefüllt.
Der Schlagring der Glocke besteht aus mehreren Lagen Wachs, sowie einer Füllung der entstandenen Stufe mit weich geknetetem Wachs.
Nachdem das Modell geglättet war, konnte es von der Holzspindel genommen werden und aufrecht aufgestellt werden. Die Aufhängung für den Klöppel, ein u-förmig gebogenes Eisen wurde in die aufrecht stehende Glocke eingebaut. Die flachen Enden sollen von der flüssigen Bronze umschlossen werden, so dass der Aufhänger fest in der Glocke sitzt. Zum Schluss wird die Krone modelliert an der die Glocke dann aufgehängt werden kann.
Links im Vordergrund sieht man die Aufhängung für den Klöppel.
Das Bild am Anfang zeigt das Glockenmodell als es fast fertig ist. Die Schritte, die nun noch fehlen sind das Einformen in Formlehm, der jedes Mal mit viel Mühen hergestellt werden muss. Auf das Wachs habe ich eine Lehmmischung aus frischen Kuhfladen, Sand und Ton aufgetragen, denn so kann ich sicher sein, dass ich eine gute Oberflächenwiedergabe erziele. Die Eigenschaften von Formlehm habe ich hier zusammengefasst. Die darauf folgende Schicht besteht aus Ton, Ziegelmehl und Stroh. Wegen der Witterung müssen wir mit langen Trocknungsphasen rechnen, ehe wir die nächste Schicht auftragen können. Glücklicherweise habe ich mit Hans vom Campus Galli einen sehr erfahrenen Lehmbauer, der die Glockenform während meiner Abwesenheit für mich im Auge behält, und auch weitere Schichten auftragen wird. Auf dem Bild sehen Sie die erste und zweite Schicht der Glockengussform.
Die ersten zwei Schichten sind nun auf dem Wachsmodelle. Die Glockengussform muss immer wieder durch trocknen, bevor die nächste Schicht aufgetragen werden kann.
Glockengussform nach dem dritten Lehmauftrag. Photo: Hans-Christian Lässig.
Noch immer kein Glockenguss. Was war da los?
Eine weitere Woche auf dem Campus Galli ist vorbei und der Glockenguss der Bienenkorbglocke hat noch immer nicht statt gefunden. Es ist an der Zeit sich ernsthaft Gedanken zu machen, was schief da läuft.-
Man könnte nun die Witterung als Ausrede anführen, oder dass hin und wieder mehr als ein paar Hände fehlten, oder oder dass ja der Kern mal gebrochen war und man deshalb hinter dem Zeitplan sei. Aber das wäre alles unredlich – und wie das endet kann man hier nachlesen…
Fakt ist das die zwei Ausschlag gebenden Gründe für die Verzögerung zum einen in meiner Fehleinschätzung des notwendigen Zeitaufwandes zur Trocknen der Form liegen. Zum anderen liegt es an der Schnittstelle zwischen 21. und dem 9. Jahrhundert: Der Prozess des Glockengießens im 9. Jahrhundert stellt kein größeres Problem dar. Er dauert länger als gedacht, aber das ist es auch schon. Viel schwerer wiegen die Konsequenzen für das 21. Jahrhundert: Bereits zwei Termine auf die Sie – die Museumsbesucher – sich freuten und teils mehrere Stunden angereist sind um den Glockenguss zu sehen, konnten nicht eingehalten werden. Das tut mir aufrichtig Leid.
Literatur
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Februar 14th, 2016 at 20:36
[…] Verfahren sehr gut veranschaulicht. Durch diese Video gelang ich zu einem Artikel, der sich mit der Herstellung einer karolingischen Glocke beschäftigte, das meinem Thema schon sehr viel mehr ähnelte. Damit hatte ich Bildmaterial für […]
Oktober 27th, 2015 at 12:18
[…] hat es gedauert bis es soweit war. Ich habe die vorhergehenden Schritte hier und hier und hier beschrieben. Am Montag, den 19.10.15, nach zwei Nachtschichten die ich mit dem Hüten des Feuers […]
September 28th, 2015 at 12:13
Aller guten Dinge sind drei, Bastian! Ich freue mich schon auf deinen nächsten Besuch bei uns! Und auch wenn die Erfahrungen der letzten Wochen zum Teil frustrierend und schmerzhaft waren, so sind es ja genau diese Erkenntnisse (u.a. zum Zeitaufwand), die wir machen möchten!